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Correcting for Magnetic Variation
As a refresher on Magnetic variation, see Magnetic Variation . True North and Magnetic North are not at the
same location on the earth. In the eastern US, the Magnetic North Pole is west (left facing north) of the True
North pole. The AGONIC LINE (where true and magnetic north are the same) runs from uper eastern Wisconsin,
diagonally Southeastward through the central South Carolina coast. The difference between the True and
Magnetic Norths is called Magnetic Variation (VAR). It is called Westerly Variation east of the agonic line; i.e.
Magnetic north is west of True North. It is called Easterly Variation west of the agonic line.
To convert from TH to Magnetic Heading (MH), Add Westerly VAR, Subtract Easterly VAR. The variation is
shown on the Aeronautical Charts as dashed magenta lines, running from the top to the bottom of the chart. They
will be labled 6°W, 10°E, etc.
In your planning log, write the magnetic variation down in the VAR column (denoted by the *). Add or Subtract
the VAR (W = +, E = -) to the TH to get the Magnetic Heading (MH) values. This portion of the example SVH,
LEX, 3N8, SVH flight is shown below. The flight is totally within a region where the Magnetic Variation is 6
degrees WEST.
Course, Headings, Wind
Correction, Magnetic
Variation (degrees)
TC WCA TH VAR (*) MH
088 01 L 087 06 W 093
220 15 R 235 06 W 241
332 17 L 315 06 W 321
This completes the Course and Heading definition of the log.
Distance and Time
As a by-proudct of the wind triangle calculations to arrive at a Magnetic Heading for each leg, you also found the
Ground Speed for each leg. Using this GS, and the DIST (distance) for each leg (or segment) of the flight, the
time and estimated fuel usage can be calculated.
Time, Distance, Groundspeed, Fuel Used per
Leg
DIST GS TIME FUEL RATE FUEL USE
32 139 :14 8.9 gph 2.0
31 78 :24 8.9 gph 3.5
26 83 :19 8.9 gph 2.8
Back to Home Back to Table of Conents To Communication
Flight Planning
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Radio Communication
Radio Communication
Flying is greatly facilitated by the ability of the pilot to communicate with ground facilities and other
aircraft. In the Navigation chapter, the term “NAV/COM” was used. This chapter will deal with the
“COM” part of the radio.
Communication with the following facilities enhances safety, and in many cases is required; These are:
l 1. ATC
m - Ground Control for taxi instructions
m - Tower for takeoff and landing instructions
m - Approach and Departure Radar
m - ATC enroute Centers for clearances, radar surveillance, and traffic separation
l 2. FSS - Contact with Flight Service Stations for weather information and Flight Plans .
l 3. FBO - Contact Fixed Based Operators for fuel, airport advisories and service.
l 4. AIRCRAFT- Aircraft to aircraft communications. Announce takeoff and landing intentions.
Frequencies
The communication band for civilian aircraft operate in the range of 118.00 MHz to 135.975mhz.
Many transceivers can be tuned to only 360 frequencies( called 360 channels). The frequencies that can
be selected are 118.00 to 135.95. Channels exist every 0.05 MHz. Later models are capable of 720
channel operation. They allow a 0 or 5 to be selected for the 6th digit by use of a toggle switch. In one
position the 6th digit is zero; in the other position, it is 5. However, to date, virtually all FAA frequencies
operate on the 360 channel frequencies.
Phraseology
Good phraseology and standard communication techniques enhance pilot-controller understanding.
Jargon, “CB” slang, and vulgarities have no place in aviation communication. When initially identifying
your aircraft “N” number, you should use the Phonetic Alphabet. Examples: 7434 X-Ray (7434X), 738
Alpha Lima (738AL), etc. Thereafter, following the initial call-up, controller and pilot will use only the
last 3 numbers/letters. Example, 34 X-Ray, or 8 Alpha Lima.
The phonetic alphabet can also be used to spell out words or phrases when communication is difficult to
understand. As shown in the table below, a Morse code is also associated with each letter and number.
These codes will be heard over NDB and VOR stations as station identifiers.
Phonetic Alphabet and Morse Codes
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Letter
Phonetic
Morse Code
Letter
Phonetic
Morse Code
Digit
Phonetic
Morse Code
A Alpha . - N Novembe-r . 1 One . - - -
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