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afternoon. Since it is impractical to define 360 noon’s,
the surface of the earth is divided into time zones,
approximately 15° apart. However, as noted, due to
local geographical and jurisdictional variations in the
U. S., the actual time zone lines are irregular.
Since Greenwich, England is at the zero meridian, all time references used in flying is to the time at the zero
meridian. This used to be Greenwich Mean Time. The terminology is now Coordinated Universal Time
(abbreviated UTC). In aviation terminology, the word ZULU refers to UTC time, and is written with a Z suffix.
Examples: 1450Z, 0024Z, 0400Z, etc.
A conversion from local time in the US to UTC time is required for flight plans and communications with
ATC. To convert local times to UTC, add the following values:
From EST to UTC add 5 hours.
From CST to UTC add 6 Hours.
From MST to UTC add 7 hours.
From PST to UTC add 8 hours.
NOTE: If the local time is Daylight Savings Time, reduce the added hours by 1 Hour (4, 5, 6, 7 respectively).
Controlled Airport Legend
CHARLOTTE
DOUGLAS INTERNATIONAL (CLT)
CT - 118.1 126.4
ATIS 121.15
749 L 100 122.95
Controlled airports with control towers (Class B, C, D) show
information about the airport in BLUE lettering near the airport symbol,
which is also blue. This type of data is typical of the airport information
for Controlled airports with a control tower.
Chart Symbols
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The data is interpreted as follows.
Airport Name: CHARLOTTE DOUGLAS INTERNATIONAL
USA Airport Identifier: CLT
Control Tower Frequency (CT) - 118.1 - 126.4
Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS) 121.15
Airport Altitude - 749 feet MSL
L = Lighted
Longest Runway (100) = 10,000 feet
UNICOM frequency (for fuel, etc.) = 122.95
Non-Controlled Airport Legend
STATESVILE (SVH)
965 *L 50 123.05
Airports colored magenta on the charts have no control tower. The data associated with
these airports is in magenta color also.
Airport Name: STATESVILLE
USA Identifier: SVH
Airport Altitude: 965 feet MSL
*L = Lighted part time (indicated by the *). Pilot controlled at other times.
Longest Runway (50) = 5,000 feet.
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency = 123.05
Plotting the Course
An instrument called a plotter is used to determine course distance and direction. It has a transparent scale and a
protractor. It usually has both Sectional and WAC scales in both Nautical Mile and Statute Mile dimensions.
When measuring distances from point to point, one must be careful to use the appropriate scale for the chart in
use. Also, one must guard against mixing the use of the Nm and Sm scales. The scale shown on the diagram is in
Nm for simplicity of the diagram.
The outer scale on the protractor is in degree divisions from 0° at the right to 180° at the left. The inner scale is
from 180° at the right to 360° at the left side of the protractor.
Measuring Distance
Chart Symbols
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To find the distance between two points (A and B), draw a line between the two points and place the appropriate
scale along the line. Read the distance from the scale. In the example, the Sectional Nautical scale is being used.
The distance is 44 Nm.
When measuring from an airport as one of the points, place the index end (zero end) at the CENTER of the
airport symbol. If measuring along a Victor Airway, measure from the center dot of the VOR. Sometimes, the
center of the VOR is on an airport surface. To place a VOR symbol over the airport symbol would be confusing.
Therefore, the center of the VOR is represented by small white dot on the airport symbol. Measure from the white
dot.
Measuring the Course
The True Course is the degrees between the direction of flight and True North measured clockwise from a
Longitude Line. Shown is a course from point A to point B. The course line, A and B are shown in red. For the
most accurate measurement, measure where the course line crosses a longitude line. If such an intersection does
not exist between A and B, extend the course line until it does cross a longitude line.
Chart Symbols
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The protractor has a small hole at the center. Place the hole over the intersection of the course line and the
longitude line. The edge of the plotter on the protractor side must be along the course line. Read the true course
degrees at the top of the protractor at the longitude line.
If the direction of flight is from point A to point B, read the True Course in degrees on the outer protractor scale
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