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No frequency tuning is required, as the frequency of the satellite transmissions are already known by the receiver.
Work is currently underway to provide sufficient accuracy for use of GPS for instrument approaches.
For more technical data on GPS, see:
Navigation
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AIM 1-23. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
GPS
Back tBoa Hcokm teo TabTloe F olfi Cgohnte Pntlsanning
Navigation
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Flight Planning
Flight Planning
When planning a cross country flight of any distance, the pilot is required by Federal Aviation Regulations to
have knowledge of the destination airport, fuel requirements, estimated time enroute, weather expected along the
route and destination, and any other information which may affect the safety of the flight. The pilot should get a
thorough weather briefing from a Flight Service Station (FSS), and the filing of a flight plan for VFR flight is
strongly recommended.
This section will cover the time, distance, groundspeed, heading, and fuel required aspects of the flight planning
proccess.
Basic Parameters
The planning log must address several factors:
l Selection of Ckeckpoints
l Distances
l True Course
l Magnetic Variation
l Magnetic Course
l True Heading
l Magnetic Heading
l Wind Correction
l Ground Speed
l Time Enroute
l Fuel On-Board
l Fuel Duration
l Fuel Consumption
Definitions
Checkpoints
The pilot should determine the type of navigation to be used; Pilotage, VOR and/or Victor Airways, LORAN,
GPS, etc. From that information, the pilot should establish checkpoints over which the flight is to pass. They may
be prominent landmarks, VOR's, RNAV, LORAN or GPS waypoints. It is suggested for small slow speed aircraft
that these checkpoints be within reasonable distances, say 50 Nm or so. Distances shorter than this requires a lot
of record keeping for long flights. Distances much longer than this does not allow the pilot to verify actual
performance versus the plan sufficiently often enough. Generally a checkpoint every 30-40 minutes is a suitable
procedure for the experienced pilot.
The pilot should plot the Course of flight by drawing lines on the chart from checkpoint to checkpoint. It's like
drawing your roadway in the sky which you plan to follow. These checkpoints should be written on the flight
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planning log in the Check Point column of your planning log.
An example flight is illustrated below. The flight is a simple one which a beginning student may be asked to fly.
It is a triangular course, from SVH, LEX, 3N8, and back to SVH. You will note later that the wind will have a
different effect on ground speed and headings for each leg. Note: This flight will be used as the basis for
planning a simple flight and the associated flight planning log.
A simple example log is shown below to demonstrate the basic values to be determined. This is a sample log
designed by the author for teaching purposes only. There are numerous commercially prepared log forms on the
market. You can purchase them at most airports and pilot supply shops.
Flight Planning
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You will note that there are a number of items of information whick the pilot must consider:
l Basic Information
m Date
m Winds Aloft - Get from Winds Aloft Forecast
m True Airspeed (TAS) - Get from Pilot Operating Handbook
See -- Cruise Performance for an example table.
m Fuel Use (gph) - Get from Pilot Operating Handbook
See -- Cruise Performance for an example table.
m Fuel on Board - Based on refueling records
l Course Data
m Leg Distances - From the chart
- See -- Measuring the distance
m True Course (TC) - From the chart
-- See - Measuring the course Note: COURSE always refers to the "track over the ground".
m Wind Correction Angle (WCA) - Calculated
m True Heading (TH) - Calculated
Note: HEADING always refers to the "direction in which the nose of the aircraft is pointed".
m Magnetic Variation (VAR) - From the chart
See -- Magnetic Variation
m Magnetic Heading (MH) - Calculated
l Time, Distance, Ground Speed, Fuel Computation
m Calculate Ground Speed (GS) using E6B Computer (Wind triangle)
m Use GS and Distance to calculate leg Time
m Use Leg Time and Fuel Flow to calculate Fuel Used
m Calculate Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) to next check point.
m Calculate Cumulative Time Enroute and Fuel Used.
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