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VOR receiver can use the signal emitted by a selected ground station to arrive at an azimuth reading from the
station. This azimuth FROM the station is called a RADIAL of the VOR. Another way to envision the VOR
radial is to think of a wagon wheel with 360 spokes. One is called 360 (representing Magnetic North). The others
are numbered 1 through 359. If a fly lands on spoke 37, the fly is on the 037° RADIAL of the wheel. It makes no
difference which way the fly is headed. He can turn adound in a complete circle; but as long as he stays on the
same spoke, he is on the 037° radial.
The diagram below demonstrates an aircraft (#1) flying on a Victor Airway (V54) whose outbound radial from
VOR (A) is 095°. The VOR instrument shown on the bottom of the diagram is called a Omni Bearing Selector
(OBS) (the ADJ knob and numbers on top and bottom) and then Omni Bearing Indicator (OBI) comprised of the
needle, white dots and Yellow/Blue arcs and the TO/FROM flags.. When the needle of the instrument is centered,
and the FROM FLAG is showing (is WHITE), the radial is indicated by the marks and numbers at the top of the
instrument
Navigation
http://www.uncletom2000.com/gs/navigate.htm (2 of 10) [1/23/2003 11:19:08 AM]
To fly an outbound radial of 095°, rotate the selector knob labled ADJ until the needle centers and the FROM
(white) flag is showing. When this is achieved, you are on the 095° radial of VOR (A). Note that the heading of
the aircraft has no effect on the presentation of the instrument, or the radial you are on.. The radial and the
instrument presentation of aircraft #2 and #3 are the same as aircraft #1.
When you are about half way to VOR B, you can tune the same ( or a second) VOR receiver to the frequency of
VOR B. Again, you will rotate the ADJ knob (if necessary) in order to center the needle: but this time you want
the TO FLAG to be showing (WHITE) since you are flying TO station B.
As you pass over station B, you will encounter a zone of indecision. The needle may swing wildly from one side
to the other, and both the TO and FROM flag will be off (dark). Note in the diagram above, you will want to start
tracking the 110° outbound from station B. When the FROM flag shows white, turn the aircraft to the new
heading of 110° and rotate the ADJ knob until the 110° mark is under the selector arrow. You may need to turn a
few degrees more until the needle centers, then track the 110° outbound radial.
The VOR station makes a good checkpoint. Not only do you get the "station passage" indication on the OBI, but
you can visually see the VOR ground station in good visibility conditions. It is a low building with a truncated
cone on the top, which houses the antenna. The truncated cone is fiberglass and white in color.
Whenever you tune the VOR receiver to a new station frequency, you should always turn the VOR receiver
volume up to hear the 3 letter morse code identifier. The dots and dashes are shown in the VOR identification box
near the VOR compass rose. Some stations may have voice identification in lieu of the Morse code. In this case,
the full name of the VOR is spoken. See the VOR OmniRange description in the previous section titled Chart
Symbols to review the how the station frequency, name, ID and morse code is indicated on the charts.
For additional information on VOR operation, see the Aeronautical Information Manual chapters for further
information on VOR, TACAN and VORTAC stations.
AIM 1-3. VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE (VOR)
AIM 1-5. TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION (TACAN)
AIM 1-6. VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE/TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION (VORTAC)
Correcting for Wind Drift
Seldom when flying a course will the pilot encounter a "no wind" condition. Wind will always add or subtract
from Indicated Airspeed to create a different speed across the ground called Ground Speed (GS). Wind will also
drift you off course.
The OBS Selector (your radial) indicates the Magnetic Course (say 095°) that you want to fly over the ground.
Seldom will the wind allow you to track your radial without making some correction to the left or right. The
wind, will drift you off course, either to the left or right of your radial. The OBI needle will start drifting to the
left or right rather than staying centered.
If you are flying the 095° radial from VOR A for example, and the needle drifts right, it means the wind is
blowing from your right ( South ), thus drifting you off course to the left. The needle always points in the
direction toward which you need to make correction in order to get back on the selected radial. Take the 095°
radial for example. After flying for a while holding a steady 095° heading on the compass (Magnetic Heading
Navigation
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