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Aeronautical Information Manual.
Centerline Marking
The runway centerline identifies the center of the runway. It is comprised of evenly spaced white line
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stripe and unpainted gaps.The centerline provides visual alignment during takeoff and landing.
Runway Aiming Point Marker
These markings are white rectangular line segments located on each side of the centerline, located
approximately 1000 feet down the runway from the threshold. They serve as a visual aiming point for
landing aircraft.
Touchdown Zone Markers
These markers are white stripes identifying the touchdown area of the runway. They are coded in groups
of one, two and three rectangular bars, spaced 500 feet apart down the runway. The grouped bars are
symmetrically placed on each side of the runway centerline.
Threshold Markings
They are longitudinal stripes located at the threshold end of the runway. There are usually eight bars, but
wide runways may have a different configuration. They identify the beginning of the runway surface
suitable for landing.
Side Stripes
These are continuous white lines along the edge of the runway to delineate the edge of the runway from
surrounding terrain or other surfaces.
Runway Types
There are three types of paved runways. Each has a different set of markings. They are:
· VFR Runways
· Non-precision Instrument Approach Runways
· Precision Instrument Approach Runways
VFR Runways.
The runway depicted is a "VFR" runway only; i.e. it has no Instrument Approach Procedure.
Airport Info
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The runway threshold shown identifies a VFR
only runway. It contains a runway number and
an aiming point marker on each side.
It may also contain threshold markings, fixed distance markers down runways long enough for jet aircraft
(4000 feet and greater).. Yellow holding position lines occur on taxiways approaching the runway.
Double solid yellow lines are on the “holding” side, and double yellow dashed lines on the runway side.
There may also be a red holding sign with white runway numbers located at the hold line.
Non-Precision Instrument Approach Runways
A non-precision Instrument Approach runway, is one for which VOR or ADF instrument approach
procedures are published and approved by the FAA. They do not have full Instrument Landing System
(ILS) facilities.
Runways with non-precision instrument
approaches are similar to the VFR runway
with the addition of threshold markings.
Precision Approach Runway
A precision Approach Runway is one equipprd with a full ILS capability.
The precision approach runway markings exist on runways equipped with ILS approach or other
precision approach methods. Besides the non-precision markings, additional markings exist.
Airport Info
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· Touchdown zone marking
· Line (ILS Hold Yellow lines)
· ILS Hold Sign (white ILS on red background)
Other Runway Markings
A Number of markings are used to indicate unuseable runway
and airport areas. These are:
l Displaced Threshold
l Unuseable Surface
l Closed Runway
Displaced Thresholds
Some runways have displaced thresholds marked with white arrows leading to the threshold line. The
area with the arrows maybe used for taxi and takeoff, but not for landing. On landing, the wheels of the
aircraft should not touch the runway before crossing the lateral threshold line.
There can be a number of reasons for the threshold displacement. The end of the runway may be too
close to a road or other obstructions or hazards. The displaced area may not have sufficient runway
strength to sustain the impact of landing aircraft.
Unusable Areas
Airport Info
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An area containing yellow chevrons depict areas that cannot be used either for taxi, takeoff or landing.
Often they are older or inadequate runway sections or used as an over-run area. They may be at either the
approach or over-run end of the runway.
Closed Runway
An X on a runway indicates the runway is closed. It has become dangerous due to structural or other
reasons. Use may be hazardous.
Taxiways
Taxiways provide paved surfaces connecting the parking ramps to the runways. Their centerlines are
marked with a continuous yellow line. If the edge of the taxiway is marked, two yellow lines 6 inches
apart are used.
See AIM 2-9. TAXIWAY LIGHTS for more information on taxiway lighting.
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