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Class B Airspace Rules
While in Class B airspace, the following rules apply.
l Operations Permitted - IFR and VFR
l ATC Clearance Required - Yes
l Radio Contact Required - Yes
l Minimum Pilot Qualifications - Private (Student if Signed-Off)
l Mode C Altitude Reporting Transponder required - Yes
l Cloud Clearance Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Clear of Clouds
l Cloud Clearance Requirements above 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
l VFR Visibility Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
l VFR Visibility Requirements above 10,000 feet - Standard VFR
Class C Airspace Rules
While in Class C airspace, the following rules apply.
l Operations Permitted - IFR and VFR
AIRSPACE AND AIRPORT TYPES
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l ATC Clearance Required - IFR - Yes : VFR - No
l Radio Contact Required - Yes
l Minimum Pilot Qualifications - Student
l Mode C Altitude Reporting Transponder required - Yes
l Cloud Clearance Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
l Cloud Clearance Requirements above 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
l VFR Visibility Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
l VFR Visibility Requirements above 10,000 feet - Standard VFR
Airspace Class D Rules
While in Class D airspace, the following rules apply.
l Operations Permitted - IFR and VFR
l ATC Clearance Required - IFR -Yes: VFR - No
l Radio Contact Required - Yes
l Minimum Pilot Qualifications - Student
l Mode C Altitude Reporting Transponder required - No
l Cloud Clearance Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
l Cloud Clearance Requirements above 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
l VFR Visibility Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR
l VFR Visibility Requirements above 10,000 feet - Standard VFR
Airspace Class G Rules
While in Class G airspace, the following rules apply.
l Operations Permitted - VFR
l ATC Clearance Required - No
l Radio Contact Required - No
l Minimum Pilot Qualifications - Student
l Mode C Altitude Reporting Transponder required - No
l Cloud Clearance Requirements below 10,000 ft. - Clear of Clouds (Day) : Standard VFR (night)
l Cloud Clearance Requirements above 10,000 ft. - Standard VFR (day and Night
l VFR Visibility Requirements below 10,000 ft. - 1 SM (day): 3 SM (night)
l VFR Visibility Requirements above 10,000 feet - Standard VFR (day and night)
Back to Home Back to Table of Conents To Aeronautical Charts
AIRSPACE AND AIRPORT TYPES
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Chart Symbols
Aeronautical Charts
Chart Types
Three types of charts are used for VFR flight. These are:
· Wide Area Charts(WAC) - Scale 1:1,000,000 ( 1 inch = 13.7 Nm)
· Sectional Chart.................- Scale 1:500,000 ( 1 inch = 6.86 Nm)
· VFR Terminal Charts........- Scale 1:250,000 ( 1 inch = 3.43 Nm)
Most pilots use the Sectional chart. It provides good detail of topographical features, and is good for both the
Student pilot as well as experienced pilot.
Since the WAC chart covers twice the area of the Sectional, pilots flying higher performance aircraft may prefer
this chart. It shows less topographical features. It contains most of the electronic navigation features that are
shown on the sectional charts. Both the WAC and Sectional charts show the Victor Airways.
VFR Terminal Charts are published for areas of concentrated air traffic, such as Charlotte, NYC, Los Angeles,
etc. These charts show many more details. They contain landmarks often used by controllers not shown on the
other chart types.
Charts show significant terrain and topographical detail, location of cities and towns, airports, navigational aids,
prohibited, restricted and special use airspace, and many other symbols.
Longitude and Latitude
A system of X-Y coordinates is used to define a point
on the earth's surface. These coordinates are called
Meridians (longitude) and Parallels (latitude).
Meridians span from the north pole to the south pole,
and are measured in degrees from the PRIME
MERIDIAN. It runs north and south through
Greenwich, England. Measurement is either EAST or
WEST from the Prime Meridian, and continues
around the earth until they meet at meridian 180.The
measurement, either East or West is measured in
degrees, minutes and seconds. This measurement is
called “Longitude”. The example dot on the diagram
is at Longitude 30° 45’ W ( 30 degrees, 45 minutes
West).
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Meridians are not parallel. They converge at the poles, and have maximum distance between them at the equator.
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