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the fuel system.
A vent line allows air to enter the tank as fuel is used. During hot weather, fuel may expand and overflow
through the vent when tanks are full.
A fuel selector valve located inside the cockpit allows the pilot to select which tank(s) are to be in use
during flight. Most small aircraft operate with the selector set on Both, such that both the left and right
fuel tanks are simultaneous feeding fuel to the engine. The pilot may set the selector on Left or Right
tank as a means of equalizing the loading of the aircraft. Usually, the selector should be set to both for
take-off and landing. Pilots of low wing aircraft should exercise caution in their fuel management if tank
selection is other than both. Running a tank dry can cause the engine to quit and vapor lock to occur in
the fuel lines. It may be impossible to restart the engine under these conditions.
There is a fuel gauge in the cockpit for each fuel tank. The lower 1/4 of the fuel gauge indication is
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marked with a red line as a caution to the pilot of a low fuel condition. The pilot should never rely on the
fuel gauge as the sole measure of fuel remaining. The gauges on aircraft are subject to a variety of
indicator errors. The pilot should therefore double check the fuel remaining based on the power setting of
the engine in flight and time in flight.
Inside the cockpit a fuel mixture control and a fuel primer pump are located on the instrument panel. The
mixture control is used to adjust the air/fuel mixture for the altitude being flown. It allows the pilot to
adjust the fuel/air ratio entering the engine. As altitude is gained, the intake air becomes less dense. Less
fuel must be fed through the carburetor to permit the fuel/air mixture to remain correct proportion. If
leaning is not accomplished by the pilot, a rich mixture (too much fuel) results. This is not only wasteful
of fuel, but can result in fouled spark plugs due to carbon and soot buildup on the spark plugs. A rough
running engine results. An additional gauge called an Exhaust Gas Temperature Gauge can be installed
in the aircraft as an aid in achieving the proper “leaning” of the engine.
The fuel primer is a plunger that can be used in cold weather to inject fuel directly into the carburetor as
an assist in starting the engine in cold conditions.
Three different grades of fuel are used in reciprocating engine aircraft. These grades are designated by
octane rating and are color coded so the pilot can insure the proper grade of fuel is being pumped into the
tanks.
These grades are:
OCTANE RATING..........FUEL COLOR
· ..... 80/87........ ..... ..... .........Red
· .......100LL (low lead). ..... ....Blue
· ...... 100/130.... ..... ..............Green
When refueling, if the appropriate grade of fuel is not available, USE THE NEXT HIGHER GRADE.
Using a lower grade can cause overheating and damage to the engine. Sparks during refueling can be an
extreme fire hazard. The following precautions should be taken when refueling is in progress.
1. Attach a ground wire between the fuel pump or truck to a metal part of the aircraft. This will neutralize
any static charge which may exist between the pump and the aircraft.
2. The fuel nozzle should be grounded to the side of the fuel filler hole during refueling.
3. The fuel truck should be grounded to both the aircraft and the ground.
Do not use automotive fuel unless the engine has been specially modified for automotive fuel use.
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Fuel System
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Fuel System
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INDUCTION SYSTEM
Induction System
The engine receives ram air through an intake in the lower front portion of the engine cowling. An air
filter is placed at the intake end of the duct. This filter removes dirt, dust and foreign matter from
entering the carburetor. The air passes through an airbox, then to the carburetor intake. In the event that
the airflow to the carburetor becomes blocked by carburetor ice or intake ice, an alternate heated air
source can be selected by the pilot by pulling out a carburetor heat control in the cockpit. Use of the
heated air will result in approximately 75 to 100 RPM drop.
A throttle is located on the instrument panel in the cockpit. When the throttle is closed, it is pulled
rearward toward the pilot until it is stopped by mechanical means. At this setting, the engine continues to
run, but at “idle” speed (a few hundred RPM). As the throttle is moved forward, the throttle valve in the
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