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downwind leg for runway 27 is north of the airport, with all turns to the right. Landing on 18, the
downwind leg will be west of the airport, with all turns to the right.
Aircraft outside the pattern should enter the pattern approximately at mid point of the airport at a 45°
angle to downwind (position 1). Aircraft leaving the traffic pattern should depart anywhere from
“straight out" (position 6) to “crosswind” (position 5. A right turn departure from a left hand pattern is
prohibited.
At airports with parallel runways, left hand pattern is used on the left runway; a right hand pattern is used
on the right runway.
Traffic patterns at controlled airports with an operating control tower follow generally the same
procedures. However, since the tower controller is responsible for traffic separation within the tower
jurisdiction, the controller may grant or require other procedures. In all cases, except emergency, obey
the controllers' instructions. The traffic pattern at tower-controlled airports is usually 1000 feet Above
Ground Level (AGL).
Airport Lighting
Runway Lighting
Airport Info
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A lighted airport has runway lights situated on both sides of the runway. Some systems are able to
operate at High (HIRL) Medium (MIRL) and Low (LIRL) intensity. Many airports have the lighting off
during certain night hours, and the pilot must make active by clicks of the microphone. The intensity of
HIRL and MIRL runway lights can be controlled by personnel on the ground. The pilot can control the
intensity by clicking the microphone on the published Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) for
the airport. It takes 7 clicks to turn lights to high, 5 to medium, and 3 for low. Some airports may only
provide medium and/or low brightness.
At large airports, there may also be high intensity centerline lighting. Some precision instrument runways
have edge touchdown zone lights for the first 3000 feet of runway. These are transverse light bars on
each side of the runway. These runways also have yellow end zone lights for the last 2000 feet. The end
zone lights are yellow only to the pilot from the landing direction. They appear white from the opposite
direction.
For further information on runway lighting, see
AIM 2-4. RUNWAY EDGE LIGHT SYSTEMS
AIM 2-5. IN-RUNWAY LIGHTING
AIM 2-6. CONTROL OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS
AIM 2-7. PILOT CONTROL OF AIRPORT LIGHTING
Taxiway Lighting
Taxiways edge lights are blue, and are on at night and during the day at times of reduced visibility. At
larger airports, the tower personnel can control the intensity of the lights. Also, some taxiways may have
imbedded green lights along the centerline of the taxiway. They are on during times of reduced visibility
to mark the way between the runways and ramp areas.
Approach Lighting
There are numerous approach light systems at large airports with Instrument Landing Systems. These are
beyond the scope of the beginning private pilot, and will not be addressed in detail in this material. For
information on these systems, see AIM 2-1. APPROACH LIGHT SYSTEMS (ALS)
Several approach light systems are of interest to the VFR pilot. These are:
· Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL)
· Visual Approach Slope Indicators (VASI)
· Precision Approach Slope Indicators (PAPI)
Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL)
Airport Info
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REIL’s at many airports provide rapid and positive identification of the approach end of a runway. The
system consists of a pair of synchronized high intensity flashing lights located on either side of the
runway. They are particularly useful when the runway is surrounded with many other lights, in poor
visibility conditions, and when the runway lacks contrast with the surrounding terrain. They may be
omnidirectional, or may be focused toward the final approach path from the end of the runway.
See AIM 2-3. RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER LIGHTS (REIL) for more information.
Visual Approach Slope Indicators (VASI, PAPI)
There are several forms of VASI’s. All employ lights that indicate a correct slope(s) for approach to
landing. They may be used both for day and night operation. They provide an “on slope” glideslope
angle of approximately 3°. The 2 bar VASI has 2 ranks of lights. Each rank may consist of one light
or two lights side by side. You are “on glide slope” as shown in the center diagram (red over white).
You are too high if both ranks are white, as on right. You are too low then both ranks are red as
shown on left.
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