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the secondary airport tower is in operation. Aircraft
operating in these procedurally excluded areas will
only be provided airport traffic control services when
in communication with the secondary airport tower.
2.4.7.2 Aircraft proceeding inbound to a satellite
airport will be terminated at a sufficient distance to
allow time to change to the appropriate tower or
advisory frequency. Class C services to these aircraft
will be discontinued when the aircraft is instructed to
contact the tower or change to advisory frequency.
2.4.7.3 Aircraft departing secondary controlled
airports will not receive Class C services until they
have been radar identified and two-way communications
have been established with the Class C airspace
facility.
2.4.7.4 This program is not to be interpreted as
relieving pilots of their responsibilities to see and
avoid other traffic operating in basic VFR weather
conditions, to adjust their operations and flight path
as necessary to preclude serious wake encounters, to
maintain appropriate terrain and obstruction clearance,
or to remain in weather conditions equal to or
better than the minimums required by 14 CFR
Section 91.155. Approach control should be advised
and a revised clearance or instruction obtained when
compliance with an assigned route, heading, and/or
altitude is likely to compromise pilot responsibility
with respect to terrain and obstruction clearance,
vortex exposure, and weather minimums.
2.5 Class D Airspace
2.5.1 Definition. Generally, that airspace from the
surface to 2,500 feet above the airport elevation
(charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have
an operational control tower. The configuration of
each Class D airspace area is individually tailored and
when instrument procedures are published, the
airspace will normally be designed to contain the
procedures.
2.5.2 Operating Rules and Pilot Equipment
Requirements
2.5.2.1 Pilot Certification. No specific certification
required.
2.5.2.2 Equipment. Unless otherwise authorized
by ATC, an operable two-way radio is required.
2.5.2.3 Arrival or Through Flight Entry Requirements.
Two-way radio communication must be
established with the ATC facility providing ATC
services prior to entry and thereafter maintain those
communications while in the Class D airspace. Pilots
of arriving aircraft should contact the control tower
on the publicized frequency and give their position,
altitude, destination, and any request(s). Radio
contact should be initiated far enough from the
ClassD airspace boundary to preclude entering the
Class D airspace before two-way radio communications
are established.
NOTE-
1. If the controller responds to a radio call with, “(aircraft
callsign) standby,” radio communications have been
established, and the pilot can enter the ClassD airspace.
2. If workload or traffic conditions prevent immediate
entry into Class D airspace, the controller will inform the
pilot to remain outside the Class D airspace until
conditions permit entry.
EXAMPLE-
1. “[Aircraft callsign] remain outside the Class Delta
airspace and standby.”
It is important to understand that if the controller responds
to the initial radio call without using the aircraft callsign,
radio communications have not been established, and the
pilot may not enter the Class D airspace.
2. “Aircraft calling Manassas tower standby.”
At those airports where the control tower does not operate
24 hours a day, the operating hours of the tower will be
listed on the appropriate charts and in the A/FD. During
the hours the tower is not in operation, the Class E surface
area rules or a combination of Class E rules to 700 feet
above ground level and Class G rules to the surface will
become applicable. Check the A/FD for specifics.
AIP ENR 1.4−9
United States of America 15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
2.5.2.4Departures From:
a)A primary or satellite airport with an operating
control tower. Two−way radio communications must
be established and maintained with the control tower,
and thereafter as instructed by ATC while operating
in the Class D airspace.
b)A satellite airport without an operating control
tower. Two−way radio communications must be
established with the ATC facility having jurisdiction
over the Class D airspace as soon as practicable after
departing.
2.5.2.5Aircraft Speed.Unless otherwise authorized
or required by ATC, no person may operate an
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