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from the pilot.
f)At some locations within the ATC en route
environment, secondary−radar−only (no primary
radar) gap filler systems are used to give lower
altitude radar coverage between two larger radar
systems, each of which provides both primary and
secondary radar coverage. In those geographical
areas served by secondary−radar−only, aircraft
without transponders cannot be provided with radar
service. Additionally, transponder equipped aircraft
cannot be provided with radar advisories concerning
primary targets and weather.
g)The controller’s ability to advise a pilot flying
on instruments or in visual conditions of the aircraft’s
proximity to another aircraft will be limited if the
unknown aircraft is not observed on radar, if no flight
plan information is available, or if the volume of
traffic and workload prevent issuing traffic information.
First priority is given to establishing vertical,
lateral, or longitudinal separation between aircraft
flying IFR under the control of ATC.
37.2Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System
(ATCRBS)
37.2.1The ATCRBS, sometimes referred to as a secondary
surveillance radar, consists of three main
components:
37.2.1.1Interrogator.Primary radar relies on a
signal being transmitted from the radar antenna site
and for this signal to be reflected or bounced back"
from an object (such as an aircraft). This reflected
signal is then displayed as a target" on the
controller’s radar scope. In the ATCRBS, the
Interrogator, a ground−based radar beacon transmitter−
receiver, scans in synchronism with the primary
radar and transmits discrete radio signals which
repetitiously requests all transponders, on the mode
being used, to reply. The replies received are then
mixed with the primary returns and both are
displayed on the same radar scope.
37.2.1.2Transponder.This airborne radar beacon
transmitter−receiver automatically receives the signals
from the interrogator and selectively replies with
a specific pulse group (code) only to those
interrogations being received on the mode to which
it is set. These replies are independent of, and much
stronger than a primary radar return.
37.2.1.3Radar scope.The radar scope used by the
controller displays returns from both the primary
radar system and the ATCRBS. These returns, called
targets, are what the controller refers to in the control
and separation of traffic.
37.2.2The job of identifying and maintaining
identification of primary radar targets is a long and
tedious task for the controller. Some of the
advantages of ATCRBS over primary radar are:
37.2.2.1Reinforcement of radar targets.
37.2.2.2Rapid target identification.
37.2.2.3Unique display of selected codes.
ENR 1.1−34 AIP
15 MAR 07 United States of America
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
37.2.3A part of the ATCRBS ground equipment is
the decoder. This equipment enables the controller to
assign discrete transponder codes to each aircraft
under his/her control. Normally only one code will be
assigned for the entire flight. Assignments are made
by the ARTCC computer on the basis of the National
Beacon Code Allocation Plan. The equipment is also
designed to receive Mode C altitude information
from the aircraft. See FIG ENR 1.1−22 and
FIG ENR 1.1−23 for an illustration of the target
symbology depicted on radar scopes in the NAS
Stage A (en route), the ARTS III (terminal) Systems,
and other nonautomated (broadband) radar systems.
37.3Surveillance Radar
37.3.1Surveillance radars are divided into two
general categories: Airport Surveillance Radar
(ASR) and Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR).
37.3.1.1ASR is designed to provide relatively short
range coverage in the general vicinity of an airport
and to serve as an expeditious means of handling
terminal area traffic through observation of precise
aircraft locations on a radar scope. The ASR can also
be used as an instrument approach aid.
37.3.1.2ARSR is a long−range radar system
designed primarily to provide a display of aircraft
locations over large areas.
37.3.1.3Center Radar Automated Radar Terminal
Systems (ARTS) Processing (CENRAP) was developed
to provide an alternative to a nonradar
environment at terminal facilities should an ASR fail
or malfunction. CENRAP sends aircraft radar beacon
target information to the ASR terminal facility
equipped with ARTS. Procedures used for the
separation of aircraft may increase under certain
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