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aircraft on the ground and between the tower and
utility vehicles on the airport, provide a clear VHF
channel for arriving and departing aircraft. They are
AIP ENR 1.1−7
United States of America 15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
used for issuance of taxi information, clearances, and
other necessary contacts between the tower and
aircraft or other vehicles operated on the airport. A
pilot who has just landed should not change from the
tower frequency to the ground control frequency until
directed to do so by the controller. Normally, only one
ground control frequency is assigned at an airport;
however, at locations where the amount of traffic so
warrants, a second ground control frequency and/or
another frequency designated as a clearance delivery
frequency, may be assigned.
6.4A controller may omit the ground or local control
frequency if the controller believes the pilot knows
which frequency is in use. If the ground control
frequency is in the 121 MHz bandwidth the controller
may omit the numbers preceding the decimal point;
e.g., 121.7, CONTACT GROUND POINT
SEVEN." However, if any doubt exists as to what
frequency is in use, the pilot should promptly request
the controller to provide that information.
6.5Controllers will normally avoid issuing a radio
frequency change to helicopters, known to be
single-piloted, which are hovering, air taxiing, or
flying near the ground. At times, it may be necessary
for pilots to alert ATC regarding single pilot
operations to minimize delay of essential ATC
communications. Whenever possible, ATC instructions
will be relayed through the frequency being
monitored until a frequency change can be
accomplished. Pilots must promptly advise ATC if
they are unable to comply with a frequency change.
Also, pilots should advise ATC if they must land to
accomplish the frequency change unless it is clear the
landing; e.g., on a taxiway or in a helicopter operating
area, will have no impact on other air traffic.
7. Traffic Control Light Signals
7.1The following procedures are used by airport
traffic control towers in the control of aircraft, ground
vehicles, equipment, and personnel not equipped
with radio. These same procedures will be used to
control aircraft, ground vehicles, equipment, and
personnel equipped with radio if radio contact cannot
be established. Airport traffic control personnel use a
directive traffic control signal which emits an intense
narrow beam of a selected color (either red, white, or
green) when controlling traffic by light signals.
7.2Although the traffic signal light offers the
advantage that some control may be exercised over
nonradio−equipped aircraft, pilots should be cognizant
of the disadvantages which are:
7.2.1The pilot may not be looking at the control
tower at the time a signal is directed toward him/her;
and
7.2.2The directions transmitted by a light signal are
very limited since only approval of a pilot’s
anticipated actions may be transmitted. No supplement
or explanatory information may be transmitted
except by the use of the General Warning Signal"
which advises the pilot to be on the alert.
7.3Between sunset and sunrise, a pilot wishing to
attract the attention of the control tower should turn
on a landing light and taxi the aircraft into a position,
clear of the active runway, so that light is visible to the
tower. The landing light should remain on until
appropriate signals are received from the tower.
TBL ENR 1.1−1
Air Traffic Control Tower Light Gun Signals
Meaning
Color and Type of Signal Movement of Vehicles,
Equipment and Personnel
Aircraft on the Ground Aircraft in Flight
Steady green Cleared to cross, proceed or go Cleared for takeoff Cleared to land
Flashing green Not applicable Cleared for taxi Return for landing (to be
followed by steady green at the
proper time)
Steady red STOP STOP Give way to other aircraft and
continue circling
Flashing red Clear the taxiway/runway Taxi clear of the runway in use Airport unsafe, do not land
Flashing white Return to starting point on
airport
Return to starting point on
airport
Not applicable
Alternating red and green Exercise extreme caution Exercise extreme caution Exercise extreme caution
ENR 1.1−8 AIP
15 MAR 07 United States of America
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
8. Use of Runways/Declared Distances
8.1Runways are identified by numbers which
indicate the nearest 10−degree increment of the
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