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27.5.1An ATC clearance must be obtained prior to
operating within a Class B, Class C, Class D, and
ClassE surface area when the weather is less than that
required for VFR flight. A VFR pilot may request and
be given a clearance to enter, leave or operate within
most Class D and Class E surface areas and some
ClassB and Class C surface areas in special VFR
conditions, traffic permitting, and providing such
flight will not delay IFR operations. All special VFR
flights must remain clear of clouds. The visibility
requirements for Special VFR aircraft (other than
helicopters) are:
27.5.1.1At least one statute mile flight visibility for
operations within Classes B, C, D, and E surface
areas.
27.5.1.2At least one statute mile ground visibility if
taking off or landing. If ground visibility is not
reported at that airport, the flight visibility must be at
least one statute mile.
27.5.1.3The restrictions in subparagraphs 27.5.1.1
and 27.5.1.2 do not apply to helicopters. Helicopters
must remain clear of clouds and may operate in
Classes B, C, D, and E surface areas with less than one
statute mile visibility.
27.5.2When a control tower is located within a
ClassB, Class C, and Class D surface area, requests
for clearances should be to the tower. If no tower is
located within the surface area, a clearance may be
obtained from the nearest tower, FSS or ARTCC.
27.5.3It is not necessary to file a complete flight plan
with the request for clearance, but pilots should state
their intentions in sufficient detail to permit ATC to
fit their flight into the traffic flow. The clearance will
not contain a specific altitude as the pilot must remain
clear of clouds. The controller may require the pilot
to fly at or below a certain altitude due to other traffic,
but the altitude specified will permit flight at or above
the minimum safe altitude. In addition, at radar
locations, flight may be vectored if necessary for
control purposes or on pilot request.
NOTE−
The pilot is responsible for obstacle or terrain clearance
(reference 14 CFR Section 91.119).
27.5.4Special VFR clearances are effective within
Classes B, C, D, and E surface areas only. ATC does
not provide separation after an aircraft leaves Class D
surface area on a special VFR clearance.
27.5.5Special VFR operations by fixed−wing
aircraft are prohibited in some Classes B and C
surface areas due to the volume of IFR traffic. A list
of these ClassesB and C surface areas is contained in
14 CFR Part91, Appendix D, Section 3 and also
depicted on Sectional Aeronautical Charts.
27.5.6ATC provides separation between special
VFR flights and between them and other IFR flights.
27.5.7Special VFR operations by fixed−wing
aircraft are prohibited between sunset and sunrise
unless the pilot is instrument rated and the aircraft is
equipped for IFR flight.
ENR 1.1−26 AIP
15 MAR 07 United States of America
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
27.5.8Pilots arriving or departing an uncontrolled
airport that has automated weather broadcast
capability (ASOS/AWOS) should monitor the
broadcast frequency, advise the controller that they
have the one−minute weather," and state intentions
prior to operating within the Class B, Class C,
ClassD, or Class E surface areas.
NOTE−
One−minute weather is the most recent one minute updated
weather broadcast received by a pilot from an uncontrolled
airport ASOS/AWOS.
28. Pilot Responsibilities Upon Clearance
Issuance
28.1Record ATC Clearance.When conducting an
IFR operation, make a written record of your ATC
clearance. The specified conditions which are a part
of your air traffic clearance may be somewhat
different from those included in your flight plan.
Additionally, ATC may find it necessary to ADD
conditions, such as a particular departure route. The
very fact that ATC specifies different or additional
conditions means that other aircraft are involved in
the traffic situation.
28.2ATC Clearance/Instruction Readback.
Pilots of airborne aircraft should read back those parts
of the ATC clearances/instructions containing
altitude assignments or vectors, as a means of mutual
verification. The readback of the numbers" serves as
a double check between pilots and controllers, and as
such, it is an invaluable aid in reducing the kinds of
communications errors that occur when a number is
either misheard" or is incorrect.
28.2.1Include the aircraft identification in all
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