AUXILIARY AVIATION TRAINING MANUAL(81)

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Do not fire aerial flares directly at an incoming rescue aircraft.  During daytime, fire the flare (orange) across the flight path of the rescue aircraft.  Many rescue pilots report the smoke trail from the flare is more visible than the flare itself during daylight conditions.
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
D.13.  Shark Defense
 Shark attacks are rare, but there are certain things that may be done to minimize the probability of attracting sharks and to defend yourself should they appear.  The best situation is to be in a raft.  Keep all hands and feet inside the raft.
If floating in a life vest, make slow even movements.  Jerky irregular movements attract sharks.  If flying over waters frequented by sharks, include a very large plastic garbage bag in the survival kit.  If not in a raft, open the bag and float inside (this can also help to keep warm).  Scoop water into the bag so that it fills to its expanded shape.  A small-inflated ring such as a large bicycle inner tube is ideal to hold the upper rim of the bag.  The purpose of this arrangement is to retain body fluids which attract sharks, and present a large object with no projections to the shark.
If sharks do appear, attempt to continually face the nearest shark.  If the shark attempts an attack, yell or blow a whistle.  Wearing gloves or with hand wrapped, strike the shark soundly on its snout from the top.  Sharks close their eyes as they attack, so if the shark attacks, attempt to move to one side.
 
D.14.  Psychology
 A person’s worst enemy can be his/her own mind.  Any tendency to give up even in the face of seemingly overwhelming odds against survival must be avoided.  The shock created by an actual casualty, the immersion in cold and often rough water, and the realization of facing a true life-or-death situation increases psychological stress and impairs judgment.
Unless each crewmember gathers not only their resources, but also their wits and maintains a positive attitude no matter how desperate the situation may seem, chances of survival will be substantially decreased.  Each person’s chance of survival can be affected by the attitude or perspective of the other survivors.  Keep in mind that a maximum rescue effort is being made, but everyone must do their part to remain rational and be ready to signal when the time is right.
 
D.15.  Recovery by Helicopter
 If in a raft, it will be necessary to abandon the raft and move away from it.  Attempt to fill the raft with water and partially deflate it.  Coast Guard helicopter pilots are trained to avoid floating objects, such as life rafts, due to the possibility of blowing the object into the rotor disk.  As the helicopter approaches, down wash from the rotor will cause a wall of spray to be generated.  Faces should be turned away from the aircraft whenever practical.  When the basket is lowered, do not touch it until it contacts the water.  There is considerable static electricity generated by the helicopter and prematurely touching the basket could cause a debilitating electrical shock.
　
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