AUXILIARY AVIATION TRAINING MANUAL(43)

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C.6.  Motivation
 Motivation is a highly important factor that can affect the performance of a search crew.  During the early stages of a search, motivation is typically high.  After fatigue sets in and hope of locating survivors begins to fade, maintaining a high level of motivation typically becomes a concern.  To maximize the effectiveness of an extended search, every effort must be made to maintain a high degree of motivation.
 
C.7.  Scan Degrees
 Although the human eye sees over a wide angle, it focuses sharply only over an angle of about 10 degrees.  This means that the detection of a hard-to-see target will usually occur within about 5 degrees of the central position point for the eye.  In general, the eye must be looking right at an object to really see it.  Moreover, the scan of the eye must be stopped for effective sharp vision.  For these reasons, observers should scan their assigned sectors with discrete eye movements.  Each movement should be about 3 to 4 degrees.  The rate of movement should be two or three shifts per second.  Using this technique, one scan across a 90-degree sector will take 10 to 15 seconds.
 
C.8.  Procedure
 The search of an assigned sector should start close to the aircraft and sequentially move outward from the aircraft in units of 3 to 4 degrees after each horizontal scan.  Consecutive scans should be in opposite directions.  That is, start the first scan from left to right, move up, make the second scan from right to left, move up another 3 to 4 degrees and scan back from left to right again.  Continue this sequence to the horizon, or to the limit of meteorological visibility, or to a predetermined upper limit.
The observer’s visual search scan should not extend out beyond the track space of the search pattern.  If the track space is . nautical mile, the observation should not exceed . nautical mile.  A useful tool to measure the search scan distance is to mark that distance by altitude with a thin grease pencil line on the window the observation is being made from.  A useful tool or reference can be constructed from estimates of horizontal ground distance from the aircraft to various check points while flying at search altitudes.
 

 
C.9.  Repeat Scans
 For the pilot and front seat observer, scanning should be repeated again by returning the eyes for sequential sweeps starting close to the aircraft.  This technique helps compensate for the changes in view caused by the forward motion of the aircraft and insures optimum coverage of the close-in area.  When flying at low altitudes searching for small objects (such as a life raft or person in water), rear seat observers should employ a similar technique.  In such cases, both front and rear seat observers should limit their outward scanning.  When searching for persons in the water, this limit should be set at about half the track spacing for the aircraft at an altitude of 500 feet.
　
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