AUXILIARY AVIATION TRAINING MANUAL(80)

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D.3.  Signaling
 Signaling devices that are either carried on the person or in the life raft may be the only equipment that can be used to effect a quick rescue.  All personnel should be trained in their use.
 

 
D.4.  EPIRB
 Type A and B Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) transmit a continuous signal on the distress frequencies of 121.500 MHz and/or 243.000 MHz.  The newer type 1 and 2 EPIRBs transmit in the 406 MHz band.  Starting on 1 February 2009, SAR satellites (SARSATS) will only receive the 406 MHz signals.  SARSATS receive this signal and relay it to ground stations.  After the crew are settled in the raft, the EPIRB or other rescue radio should be turned on and remain on until rescue units arrive.
Once received by the SARSAT, the distress location is passed to the appropriate rescue coordination center (RCC), which deploys suitable rescue forces.  
 
D.5.  Signaling Mirror
 Next to the EPIRB, the signaling mirror is the most valuable signaling device available.  Since it does not rely on batteries or pyrotechnics, it is also the most reliable.  The military-issue mirror has a grid in the center of the rear face.  Look through the hole in the center of the rear of the mirror and sight the object on which to direct the sun “flash.”  Do not look at the sun.  Swivel the mirror until the grid around the hole lights up.  This will indicate that the “flash” or solar reflection is directed toward the target.  Use the signaling mirror to continually sweep the horizon.  A flash from a signaling mirror can be seen more than 5 nautical miles away.
Mirrors without aiming grids (or any other highly reflective object) may also be used for signaling.  To aim a mirror without a grid, hold two fingers so as to form a “V” at arms length.  Position the “V” so that the targetis between two fingers.  Position the mirror such that the sun reflects on the “V” fingers, and flash the sun across them.  This will direct the reflection of the sun toward the target.
 
D.6.  Pyrotechnics
 Red flares are for night use and orange smoke is for day use.  These should not be expended unless search units are within sight and the signals have a reasonable chance of being observed.  These generally will be a wasted resource if ignited when the search unit is moving away from your position.
When igniting pyrotechnics, hold them outboard over the downwind side of the raft while pointed downwind so any hot drippings will not damage the raft.  Also, beware of any fuel which may be floating on the surface.  If there is a fuel smell, do not use flares; as it may ignite the fuel.  When using a pen-gun, it is imperative that the gun be cocked before the flare is screwed onto the end.  This retracts the firing pin which should be in this safe mode as the flare is attached or the flare may ignite as it is screwed on.  The launcher should be pointed overboard and away from any person as it is being loaded.  When firing aerial flares they should be aimed downwind with a 45- to 60-degree elevation.  This precludes the possibility of the flare falling back into the raft.
　
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