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gravity-related height (elevation) to a surface known as the
geoid, shall be used as the vertical reference system for air
navigation.
Note.- The geoid globally most closely approximates
MSL It is defined as the equipotential surjface in the gravity
field of the Earth which coincides with the undisturbed MSL
extended continuously through the continents.
2.27.3 Temporal reference system
c) provide for continuous monitoring and regular assessment 2.27.3.1 The Gregorian calendar and Coordinated Univerof
the safety level achieved. sal Time (UTC) shall be used as the temporal reference system
for air navigation.
2.26.4 Any significant safety-related change to the ATC
system, including the implementation of a reduced separation 2.27.3.2 When a different temporal reference system is
minimum or a new procedure, shall only be effected after a used, this shall be indicated in GEN 2.1.2 of the Aeronautical
safety assessment has demonstrated that an acceptable level of Information Publication (AIP).
241 1105
No. 43
Annex I1 -Air nu@ Services Chapter 2
2.28 Language proficiency
2.28.1 An air traffic services provider shall ensure that air
traffic controllers speak and understand the language(s) used
for radiotelephony communications as specified in Annex 1.
2.28.2 Except when communications between air MIC
control units are conducted in a mutually agreed language, the
English language shall be used for such communications.
2.29 Contingency arrangements
Air traffic services authorities shall develop and promulgate
contingency plans for implementation in the event of disruption,
or potentia1 dis~ptiono, f air traffic services and related
supporting services in the airspace for which they are
responsible for the provision of such services. Such contingency
plans shall be developed with the assistance of ICAO as
necessary, in close coordination with the air W cse rvices
authorities responsible for the provision of services in adjacent
portions of airspace and with airspace users concerned.
Note 1.- Guidance material relating to the development,
promulgation and implementation of contingency plans is
contained in Attachment D.
Note 2.- Contingency plans may constitute a temporary
deviation from the approved regional air navigation plans;
such deviations are approved, as necessary, by the President
of the ICAO Council on behalf of the Council.
24111105
No. 43
CHAPTER 3. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE
3.1 Application
Air traffic control service shall be provided:
a) to all IFR flights in airspace Classes A, B, C, D and E;
b) to all VFR flights in airspace Classes B, C and D;
c) to all special VFR flights;
d) to all aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes.
3.2 Provision of air t r a c control service
The parts of air traffic control service described in 2.3.1 shall
be provided by the various units as follows:
a) Area control service:
1) by an area control centre; or
2) by the unit providing approach control service in a
control zone or in a control area of limited extent
which is designated primarily for the provision of
approach control service and where no area control
centre is established.
b) Approach control service:
1) by an aerodrome control tower or area control centre
when it is necessary or desirable to combine under
the responsibility of one unit the functions of the
approach control service with those of the aerodrome
control service or the area control service;
2) by an approach control unit when it is necessary or
desirable to establish a separate unit.
C) Aerodrome control service: by an aerodrome control
tower.
Note.- The task of providing specified services on the
apron, e.g. apron management service, may be assigned to an
aerodrome control tower or to a separate unit.
3.3 Operation of air traffic control service
3.3.1 In order to provide air traffic control service, an air
traffic control unit shall:
a) be provided with information on the intended movement
of each aircraft, or variations therefrom, and with
current information on the actual progress of each
aircraft;
b) determine from the information received, the relative
positions of known aircraft to each other;
c) issue clearances and information for the purpose of
preventing collision between aircraft under its control and
of expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of traffic;
d) coordinate clearances as necessary with other units:
1) whenever an aircraft might otherwise conflict with
traffic operated under the control of such other units;
2) before transferring control of an aircraft to such other
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