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the shape, colour and use of visual ground signals. The
Aerodrome Design Manual (Doc 9157), Part 4 provides
guidance on their design.
Location of signal area
5.1.4.1 Recommendation.— The signal area should be
located so as to be visible for all angles of azimuth above an
angle of 10° above the horizontal when viewed from a height
of 300 m.
Characteristics of signal area
5.1.4.2 The signal area shall be an even horizontal surface
at least 9 m square.
5.1.4.3 Recommendation.— The colour of the signal
area should be chosen to contrast with the colours of the
signal panels used, and it should be surrounded by a white
border not less than 0.3 m wide.
5.2 Markings
5.2.1 General
Interruption of runway markings
5.2.1.1 At an intersection of two (or more) runways the
markings of the more important runway, except for the runway
side stripe marking, shall be displayed and the markings of the
other runway(s) shall be interrupted. The runway side stripe
marking of the more important runway may be either
continued across the intersection or interrupted.
5.2.1.2 Recommendation.— The order of importance of
runways for the display of runway markings should be as
follows:
1st — precision approach runway;
2nd — non-precision approach runway; and
3rd — non-instrument runway.
5.2.1.3 At an intersection of a runway and taxiway the
markings of the runway shall be displayed and the markings of
the taxiway interrupted, except that runway side stripe
markings may be interrupted.
Note.— See 5.2.8.5 regarding the manner of connecting
runway and taxiway centre line markings.
Colour and conspicuity
5.2.1.4 Runway markings shall be white.
Note 1.— It has been found that, on runway surfaces of
light colour, the conspicuity of white markings can be
improved by outlining them in black.
Note 2.— It is preferable that the risk of uneven friction
characteristics on markings be reduced in so far as practicable
by the use of a suitable kind of paint.
Note 3.— Markings may consist of solid areas or a series
of longitudinal stripes providing an effect equivalent to the
solid areas.
5.2.1.5 Taxiway markings, runway turn pad markings and
aircraft stand markings shall be yellow.
5.2.1.6 Apron safety lines shall be of a conspicuous
colour which shall contrast with that used for aircraft stand
markings.
5.2.1.7 Recommendation.— At aerodromes where
operations take place at night, pavement markings should be
made with reflective materials designed to enhance the
visibility of the markings.
Note.— Guidance on reflective materials is given in the
Aerodrome Design Manual (Doc 9157), Part 4.
23/11/06
No. 8
Chapter 5 Annex 14 — Aerodromes
5-15 25/11/04
Characteristics
5.2.16.5 A mandatory instruction marking shall consist of
an inscription in white on a red background. Except for a NO
ENTRY marking, the inscription shall provide information
identical to that of the associated mandatory instruction sign.
5.2.16.6 A NO ENTRY marking shall consist of an
inscription in white reading NO ENTRY on a red background.
5.2.16.7 Where there is insufficient contrast between the
marking and the pavement surface, the mandatory instruction
marking shall include an appropriate border, preferably white
or black.
5.2.16.8 Recommendation.— The character height
should be 4 m. The inscriptions should be in the form and
proportions shown in Appendix 3.
5.2.16.9 Recommendation.— The background should be
rectangular and extend a minimum of 0.5 m laterally and
vertically beyond the extremities of the inscription.
5.2.17 Information marking
Note.— Guidance on information marking is contained in
the Aerodrome Design Manual (Doc 9157), Part 4.
Application
5.2.17.1 Where an information sign would normally be
installed and is impractical to install, as determined by the
appropriate authority, an information marking shall be
displayed on the surface of the pavement.
5.2.17.2 Recommendation.— Where operationally
required an information sign should be supplemented by an
information marking.
5.2.17.3 Recommendation.— An information (location/
direction) marking should be displayed prior to and following
complex taxiway intersections and where operational
experience has indicated the addition of a taxiway location
marking could assist flight crew ground navigation.
5.2.17.4 Recommendation.— An information (location)
marking should be displayed on the pavement surface at
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