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problem of aquaplaning from poor drainage is apt to be
accentuated. In Attachment A, Section 7, information is given
concerning this problem and other relevant factors.
3.1.20 Recommendation.- The transverse slope should
be substantially the same throughout the length of a runway
except at an intersection with another runway or a taxiway
where an even transition should be provided taking account of
the need for adequate drainage.
Note 2.- Guidance on methodr used to measure surface
texture is given in the Airport Services Manual, Part 2.
3.1.26 Recommendation.- When the surface is grooved
or scored, the grooves or scorings should be either perpendicular
to the runway centre line or parallel to nonperpendicular
transverse joints, where applicable.
Note.- Guidance on methods for improving the runway
surfae texture is given in the Aerodrome Design Manual,
Part 3.
Note.- Guidance on transverse slope is given in the
Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 3.
3.2 Runway shoulders
Strength of runways
3.1.21 Recommendation.- A runway should be capable General
of withstanding the traflc of aeroplanes the runway is
intended to serve. Note.- Guidance on characteristics and treatment of
runway shoulders is given in Attachment A, Section 8, and in
the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part I.
Surface of runways
3.2.1 Recommendation.- Runway shoulders should be
3.1.22 The surface of a runway shall be constructed provided for a runway where the code letter is D or E, and the
without irregularities that would result in loss in friction runway width is less than 60 m.
241 1/05
No. 7
Annex 14 -- Aerodromes
3.2.2 Recommendation.- Runway shoulders should be
provided for a runway where the code letter is E:
Width of runway shoulders
3.2.3 Recommendation.- The runway shoulders shouEd
extend symmetrically on each side of the runway so that the
overall width of the nrnway and its shoulders is not less than:
- 60 m where the code letter is D or I!?,' and
- 75 m where the code letter is 1":
Slopes on runway shoulders
3.2.4 Recommendation.- The surface of the shoulder
that abuts the runway should be flush with the surface of the
runway and its transverse slope should not exceed 2.5 per
cent.
Strength of runway shoulders
3.2.5 Recommendation.- A runway shoulder should be
prepared or constructed so as to be capable, in the event of an
aeroplane running off the nmway, ofsupporting the aeroplane
without inducing structural damage to the aeroplane and of
supporting ground vehicles which may operate on the
shoulder.
Note.- Guidance on strength of runway shoulders is given
in the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part I.
3.3 Runway turn pads
3.3.1 ?%ere the end of a runway is not served by a
taxiway or a taxiway turnaround and where the code letter is
D, E or F, a runway turn pad shall be provided to facilitate a
180-degree turn of aaoplanes. (See Figure 3-1.)
3.3.2 Recommendation.- Where the end ofa runway is
not sewed by a taxiway or a taxiway hrnaround and where
the code letter is A, B or C, a runway turn pad should be
provided to facilitate a 180-degree turn of aeroplanes.
Note 1 .- Such areas may aLso be usqul gpmvided along
a runway to reduce tmiing time and distance for aeroplanes
which may not require the full length ofthe nmway.
Note 2.- Guidance on the design ofthe runwq turn pads:
is available in the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 1.
Guidance on taxiway turnaround as an alternate facility b
available in the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 2.
3.3.3 Reommendation.- The runway turn pad may be
located on either the left or right side of the runway and
adjoining the runway pavement at both ends: of the runway and
at some intermediate locations where deemed necessary.
Note.- The initiation of the turn would be facilitated by
locating the turn pad on the left side of the runwcry, since the
lej2 seat is the normal position of the pilot-in-command.
3.3.4 Recornmendation.- Tlze intersection angle of the
runway turn pad with the runway should not exceed 30
depes.
Figure 3-1. Typical turn pad layout
Annex 14 - Aerodromes Volume I
3.3.5 Recommendation.- The nose wheel steering
angle to be used in the design of the runway turn pad should
not exceed 45 degrees.
3.3.6 The design of a runway turn pad shall be such that,
when the cockpit of the aeroplane for which the turn pad is
intended remains over the turn pad marking, the clearance
distance between any wheel of the aeroplane landing gear and
the edge of the turn pad shall be not less than that given by the
following tabulation:
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