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Manual (Doc 9137), Part 6.
4.1.6 The height of the inner horizontal surface shall be
measured above an elevation datum established for such purpose.
Note.— Guidance on determining the elevation datum is
contained in the Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 6.
Approach surface
4.1.7 Description.— Approach surface. An inclined plane
or combination of planes preceding the threshold.
4.1.8 Characteristics.— The limits of the approach surface
shall comprise:
a) an inner edge of specified length, horizontal and perpendicular
to the extended centre line of the runway and
located at a specified distance before the threshold;
b) two sides originating at the ends of the inner edge and
diverging uniformly at a specified rate from the
extended centre line of the runway;
c) an outer edge parallel to the inner edge; and
d) The above surfaces shall be varied when lateral offset,
offset or curved approaches are utilized, specifically,
two sides originating at the ends of the inner edge and
diverging uniformly at a specified rate from the
extended centre line of the lateral offset, offset or curved
ground track.
4.1.9 The elevation of the inner edge shall be equal to the
elevation of the mid-point of the threshold.
4.1.10 The slope(s) of the approach surface shall be
measured in the vertical plane containing the centre line of the
runway and shall continue containing the centre line of any
lateral offset or curved ground track.
23/11/06
No. 8
Annex 14 — Aerodromes Volume I
25/11/04 4-2
Figure 4-1. Obstacle limitation surfaces
Conical
Transitional
Approach Approach
Inner approach Strip
Inner horizontal
Conical
Take-off climb
B
A A
B
Approach Take-off climb
Conical Inner horizontal
Conical
Transitional
Section A-A
Section B-B
Approach Transitional
Inner horizontal
Inner approach
See Figure 4-2 for inner transitional and balked landing obstacle limitation surfaces and
Attachment B for a three-dimensional view
Chapter 4 Annex 14 — Aerodromes
4-5 25/11/04
track to a specified final width and continuing thereafter
at that width for the remainder of the length of the takeoff
climb surface; and
c) an outer edge horizontal and perpendicular to the
specified take-off track.
4.1.27 The elevation of the inner edge shall be equal to the
highest point on the extended runway centre line between the
end of the runway and the inner edge, except that when a
clearway is provided the elevation shall be equal to the highest
point on the ground on the centre line of the clearway.
4.1.28 In the case of a straight take-off flight path, the
slope of the take-off climb surface shall be measured in the
vertical plane containing the centre line of the runway.
4.1.29 In the case of a take-off flight path involving a turn,
the take-off climb surface shall be a complex surface containing
the horizontal normals to its centre line, and the slope of the
centre line shall be the same as that for a straight take-off flight
path.
4.2 Obstacle limitation requirements
Note.— The requirements for obstacle limitation surfaces are
specified on the basis of the intended use of a runway, i.e. take-off
or landing and type of approach, and are intended to be applied
when such use is made of the runway. In cases where operations
are conducted to or from both directions of a runway, then the
function of certain surfaces may be nullified because of more
stringent requirements of another lower surface.
Non-instrument runways
4.2.1 The following obstacle limitation surfaces shall be
established for a non-instrument runway:
— conical surface;
— inner horizontal surface;
— approach surface; and
— transitional surfaces.
4.2.2 The heights and slopes of the surfaces shall not be
greater than, and their other dimensions not less than, those
specified in Table 4-1.
4.2.3 New objects or extensions of existing objects shall
not be permitted above an approach or transitional surface
except when, in the opinion of the appropriate authority, the
new object or extension would be shielded by an existing
immovable object.
Note.— Circumstances in which the shielding principle may
reasonably be applied are described in the Airport Services
Manual (Doc 9137), Part 6.
4.2.4 Recommendation.— New objects or extensions of
existing objects should not be permitted above the conical
surface or inner horizontal surface except when, in the opinion
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