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• the way the aeroplane is operated within the bounds of its inherent capabilities
• unusual occurrences caused by environment, operational usage or malfunction of some
part of the aeroplane.
6.3 Animations
Animations are useful as they:
• help to assimilate large amounts of data
• place sequence of events into time perspective
• link recorded data with ground features
• correlate FDR data with other sources of data e.g. CVR audio, radar data or
eyewitnesses
• useful analysis tool for operations investigators
• aids explanation of incident to lay persons
• training/educational tool.
Animations can show a 3-dimensional view of an aircraft from any vantage point, an aircraft
flight path, cockpit instrument panels and pilot control inputs or aircraft control surfaces
deflections.
31 The term FOQA is also used i.e. a Flight Operations Quality Assurance program.
32 E.M. Owen (1971), Civil Aircraft Airworthiness Data Recording Program – Achievements in Recording and
Analysis of Civil Aircraft Operations 1962-1969, RAE Farnborough.
19
Examples of animations are shown in Figures 24-25:
Figure 24: Animation showing a 3-d view of the aircraft and cockpit displays33
Figure 25: Animation showing plan and elevation views of an instrument approach34
33 The investigation report, including a download of the animation, is available at:
http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2005/AAIR/aair200503722.aspx
34 The investigation report, including a download of the animation, is available at:
http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2005/AAIR/aair200501977.aspx
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6.4 Simulations
A simulation predicts how an aircraft should behave given its initial conditions, control inputs
and a knowledge of the aircraft stability and control equations. The predicted behaviour can
then be compared with the actual behaviour recorded by the FDR. Any differences could be due
to external factors such as meteorological effects or aircraft malfunctions. In practice, only the
aircraft manufacturer will have access to the mathematical models required for simulations and
accident investigation authorities would work cooperatively with the manufacturer to obtain a
simulation.
6.5 Comparison Techniques
A useful analysis technique is to compare incident data with routine data, for example, data
from an incident approach to a certain runway can be compared with data from normal
approaches to the same runway. In the 1970’s and 1980’s data storage was expensive35 and
flight data was discarded as soon as the next recorder or tape was ready for readout. Today, data
collection is relatively expensive and data storage is cheap. Some airlines now routinely archive
all the flight data obtained for a FDAP so that it can be analysed again at a later date if required.
An example of this technique is shown in Figure 26 where pilot pitch control inputs from 24
uneventful flights are plotted with data from an incident (tail-scrape) flight shown in red.
Figure 26: Comparison pitch control input (control column) data around rotation
35 The PDP 11/45 minicomputer shown in Figure 20 was equipped with two 40 Mbyte disk drives. In 1977, each
drive cost AUD 22,450.00
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6.6 Geographical Information System (GIS) Tools
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) was a joint project between the National
Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The
objective of this project was to produce digital terrain elevation data (DTED) for 80% of the
Earth's land surface (all land areas between 60° north and 56° south latitude), with data points
located every 1-arc second (approximately 30 metres) on a latitude/longitude grid. The
absolute vertical accuracy of the elevation data is 16 metres (at 90% confidence).36 The mission
was flown in February 2000 and the SRTM data is publicly available37. The data publicly
available for Australia is 3-arc second (approximately 90 metre) resolution.
Combining digital terrain elevation data with topographic maps or images from Google Earth
can be highly effective when portraying aircraft tracks. Figure 27 gives an example using the
versatile but low-cost OziExplorer38 application.
Figure 27: An aircraft flight path obtained from ADS-B data
36 Refer to http://srtm.usgs.gov/index.php
37 Refer to http://edc.usgs.gov/products/elevation.html
38 For more information: http://www.oziexplorer.com/
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7. CONCLUSION
In the 1960’s, the usefulness of flight recorders was not universally acknowledged and they
were treated with scepticism in some quarters. Today they are accepted as a vital tool in the
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