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(solid-state or
tape medium)
280 128 wps8 (serial
data input)
Embraer 170 2004 Digital
(solid-state)
combi-recorder
774 256 wps (serial
data input)
Airbus 380 2007 Digital
(solid-state)
> 1,000 1,024 wps (serial
data input)
Boeing 787 2009 Digital
(solid-state)
EAFR9
> 1,000 Ethernet system
8 wps: words per second. An FDR word consists of 12 bits.
9 EAFR: Enhanced Airborne Flight Recorder. A combi-recorder that stores both cockpit audio and flight data. The
EAFR also has the capability of storing video information.
4
Boeing 707
The Boeing 707 (B707) was typically equipped with a five parameter10 analogue FDR. Data
was recorded by engraving traces onto a metal foil. Within the recorder were pitot/static and
electrical sensors separate to the aircraft sensors used by the crew. Calibration of the FDR
sensors and general reliability of a mechanical recorder were problems for investigators relying
on this data.
Figure 2: Access to FDR via access panel in rear fuselage
Figure 3: The canister in the tail containing the FDR
10 Pressure altitude, indicated airspeed, magnetic heading, vertical acceleration (load factor) and microphone
(radio) keying versus time.
5
Figure 4: The FDR inside the canister
Figure 5: Lockheed Aircraft Service model
LAS-109C FDR
The canister improved the reliability of the FDR by protecting it from the pressure, temperature
and humidity variations experienced inside the unpressurised tail of the B707. An alternative
FDR for the B707 was the Lockheed Aircraft Service model LAS-109C FDR. It was a spherical
analogue recorder and was coloured yellow - it weighed 15.4 kg. The pneumatic and electrical
connections to the FDR are visible in Figure 5.
Figure 6: Davall Wire FDR
Some later model B707’s were
equipped with an early type of digital
FDR. This recorder was coloured
flame orange and was known as a
“red egg”. A digital multiplexing
technique was used and the data was
magnetically recorded onto a thin
wire. This technique was based on
the black box prototype developed
by the Australian scientist Dr David
Warren.
6
Airbus A330
The A330 is equipped with a solid-state FDR and a separate solid-state CVR. The FDR
receives data from an interface unit11 so the FDR system is a two-box system. Additionally
some airlines choose to fit a QAR12 that receives data from the same interface unit as the FDR
and records the same parameters as the FDR. Figure 713 shows a QAR and FDR connected to
the same acquisition unit. This configuration requires three boxes.
A QAR can also receive data from a separate Data Management Unit (DMU). When a DMU is
used, Airbus label the recorder a DAR14 rather than a QAR. With a DMU, the airline can
program the parameters that the DAR will record so it is more flexible than a QAR which
records exactly the same parameters as the FDR. Four separate avionics boxes are required for
an aircraft equipped with an FDR and a DAR.
Figure 7:
11 Flight Data Interface Unit (FDIU) in Airbus terminology or Flight Data Acquisition Unit (FDAU) in Boeing
terminology.
12 QAR: Quick Access Recorder. An optional non-crash protected recorder that airlines can install to provide
access to flight data. It is more accessible and can record for a longer duration than the FDR.
13 Flight Data Recording & Airplane Condition Monitoring, Boeing Airliner magazine, April-June 1992, page 4.
14 DAR: Digital ACMS Recorder.
7
Embraer 170
Embraer 170 aircraft are equipped with two digital voice data recorders (DVDR’s). A DVDR is
a combi-recorder that records both cockpit audio and flight data in a single box. To improve the
probability of both audio and flight data surviving an accident, one DVDR is located in the
front of the aircraft and one in the rear of the aircraft as shown in Figure 8. There is an
advantage to the operator in having only a single part number in their inventory and presumably
some MEL relief would apply as well.
Figure 8: DVDR location in the Embraer 17015
Airbus A380
The A380 will have a networked avionics architecture but will retain the standard configuration
of a solid-state FDR and a separate solid-state CVR. Rather than a separate QAR, A380
operators will be able to use the two servers that will be installed onboard running the Linux
operating system. Information stored on the servers will include flight data, flight operations
quality assurance data, electronic flight bag documents and other software. The two Airbus
servers will receive data through a secure communications interface from the A380’s Avionics
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