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for an inspection task. The 4M system will enable the generation of procedures on demand
after computer controlled input of the actual inspection problem, and provides the user with
a procedure which contains only such information as is actually required to solve the specific
inspection task.
To solve the today’s problem within the field of handling accidental damages in a smart
way, a Problem-Orientated-Expert-System was developed. This tool is closing the gap
between the determination of an accidental damage by the customer, and the applicable
NDI technique, which has to be supplied by the Non-Destructive Manual (NTM). These
tools could help the inspector to make the right decisions, using the experience of the
manufacturer.
It has been shown, that with the Online-Maintenance-Assistance (OMA) tool it would be
possible and beneficial to support airlines and MRO’s all over the world via mobile networks.
11
BRITISH PARACHUTE ASSOCIATION
5 Wharf Way, Glen Parva, Leicester LE2 9TF
Telephone: Leicester 0116 278 5271 Fax: 0116 247 7662
E mail: skydive@bpa.org.uk Website: www.bpa.org.uk
FORMATION
SKYDIVING
COACHING MANUAL
2
Author
Aaron Faith
Graphics by
Ed Burdick
3
AIM
The aim of this manual is to act as a guide to coaches coaching skydivers through the
Formation Skydiving Grading System (FS1) and provide a good foundation for them to
progress.
The contents of the manual are guidelines and depending on altitude etc., does not have to
be followed exactly. Also, the order of the jumps may be altered depending on the
requirements of the coach.
Training programmes other than the one contained in this manual are acceptable provided
they meet the requirements of the BPA Operations Manual (Section 2, Paragraph 6.4.1).
4
INTRODUCTION
Only in the past hundred years or so have we begun to understand the physical laws that
govern flight.
Nigel Jackson who is an experienced commercial pilot confessed to me that he is still
mildly surprised when his Airbus 340 actually takes off. If our understanding of flight is
still evolving then our understanding of skydiving is even more so.
Because the sport is forever evolving we will always continue to be fascinated by it. The
introduction of wind tunnels has had a great impact on our education both as students and
coaches. However, in order to keep up with evolution we need to constantly re-evaluate our
thoughts and coaching techniques and the information contained in our teaching manuals.
With this in mind, my first goal was to write a manual incorporating the most up to date
information in current coaching methods as well as convey the correct technical message to
both the coach and student. The most convenient way to achieve this was to write two
manuals, one for the coach and one for the student.
My second goal was to reveal the truth about the Mantis position. Over a number years the
Mantis position has been subject of many different techniques and beliefs. Some have
worked and stood the test of time and others have failed and continue to do so due to certain
misconceptions. I have always resisted the temptation to be a method teacher and set
anything in stone. Skydivers come in all different shapes and sizes so there is no blue print
perfect body position, and even if there was, as our understanding evolves so would that
position. The technical information in this manual is accurate and if correctly applied to the
student in a Mantis position, will improve their range and potential flying ability.
5
Contents
Aim Page 3
Introduction Page 4
Responsibility Page 7
Coaching from this Manual Page 8
Coaching Procedure Page 10
Chapter 1 - The First Law of FS
Balance Page 11
Introduction to Balance Page 12
Theory to the Neutral Flying Position Page 13
The Pre-flight Checklist Page 14
Coaching Lesson Page 17
In-air Coaching Page 18
Chapter 2 - The Second Law of FS
Mobility Page 19
Introduction to Manoeuvrability Page 20
Theory to Fall Rate Control Page 22
Coaching Lesson Page 23
In-air Coaching Page 24
Theory to Transitional and Rotational Moves Page 25
Coaching Lesson - Forward & Backward Movement Page 27
In-air Coaching - Forward & Backward Movement Page 28
Coaching Lesson - Side Sliding Page 29
In-air Coaching - Side Sliding Page 30
Coaching Lesson - 360 Degree Turns in Place Page 31
In-air Coaching - 360 Degree Turns in Place Page 32
Coaching Lesson - 90 and 180 Degree Turns in Place Page 33
In-air Coaching - 90 and 180 Degree Turns in Place Page 34
Theory to Grip Taking Page 35
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