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• CAD drawings
The 4M contains test guidelines for non-destructive maintenance and servicing of aircraft in
multimedia form. It is operated directly by an inspector working within or on the aircraft,
on a notebook or tablet PC.
An example of the layout can be seen in figure 2.
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Figure 2 – Multi-Media Maintenance Manual (4M)
Current 4M work focuses on a solution of how the individual parts of NDT inspection procedures
can be linked together. Today, there are two types of NDT inspection procedures
(ignoring so-called general information for the time being):
Standard procedures
Special procedures
Special procedures are specified for a certain aircraft type and a certain component on that
aircraft type, which is also reflected in the chapter-section-subject numbering as stated in
ATA iSpec 2200. Standard procedures, on the other hand, are not specified for an aircraft
type or component, but rather for a certain NDT inspection technique (e. g. visual technique)
and a certain structural configuration of the component to be inspected (such as honeycomb
sandwich structure). The benefit of this approach is that standard procedures can be
reused across almost all aircraft types, and specific procedures refer to these standard procedures,
where appropriate.
In a paper-based environment, cross references of the kind “Refer to standard procedure
xy” are provided in a specific procedure, asking the NDT inspector to look up the referred
information in another document. In an electronic environment, as envisioned in INDeT, it
would be possible to present these cross references as hyperlinks. This will, however, result
in a constant switching back and forth between various NDT inspection procedures. It is the
objective of INDeT to linearize the linked standard and specific procedures, as illustrated in
the following graphic. The result is one single NDT inspection procedure (refer to figure 3).
Figure 3 – Use of General and Standard Procedures
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In the authoring process, cross references from specific procedures to standard procedures
are set as required. The publishing process then takes the referred elements and “pastes”
them into a new – linearized or serialized – inspection procedure. This allows that only the
required information will be made available to the NDT inspector, a switching back and
forth is obsolete.
In 4M, the link between a standard and a specific procedure is indicated by an arrow. Clicking
on the arrow displays the corresponding part of the referenced procedure (refer to figure
4).
Figure 4 – Navigation in the 4M
Contents of functional and multimedia nature
The structure and contents of the test specifications for the non-destructive maintenance
follow the domain standard, namely the ATA iSpec 2200. This would need to be modified
with respect to two aspects for the INDeT, while the new structure is kept compatible with
the standard. On the one hand, the XML-based structure of the texts has been enriched
functionally in the microstructure. On the other hand, now, elements are also available for
additional media like animation sequences and videos. The iSpec 2200 prescribes that text
should be almost exclusively in the form of lists, and presented accordingly (cf. modified
block style). This leaves out any consideration for the function of individual sentences or
paragraphs. On the contrary, the test specifications in 4M are remarkable because the text
here is treated, for instance, as pre-requisite, prompt for action or result. The customized
front-end facilitates the communication between inspector and system. Contents in the form
of multimedia documents are available in the test specifications through hyperlinks, and are
marked with the respective icons. These are shown in a separate window in the 4M. If necessary,
the inspector can also call animation sequences with background information about
various types of damages, for instance. Extensive video sequences explain how to handle
the individual steps in a complex procedure. A media concept defines which media is best
suited for conveying what type of informative content.
Why scroll or jump?
Many of the aircraft-specific test specifications contain references to parts of other, socalled
standard specification procedures. These are independent of the aircraft and general
in nature, so that they can be used in different, specific contexts or specifications. In this
way, the effort involved in compiling and changing individual specifications can be re-
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duced. Whereas, if an inspector were to work exclusively with a printed or PDF-version of
an NTM, he would have to copy the referenced standard specification, if any, and print
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