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them too. In a conventional hypertext system, on the other hand, he can jump to the relevant
specification using the hyperlink. Here, the danger of getting “lost in hyperspace”
should not be underestimated. The referencing mechanism between specific test specifications
and standard test specifications has been used in 4M as well. However, the reference
is resolved automatically at the time of publication. The referenced parts of the text are then
inserted in all those places where the inspector actually needs them. In 4M, only a linearized
test specification is shown.
4.2 Problem-Oriented Expert System (ProEx)
Since 4M will provide new access strategies to NDT inspection procedures, a first attempt
was made to specify a problem-oriented expert system. ProEx closes the gap between the
detection of an accidental damage by the customer and the applicable NDI technique which
has to be supplied by the Non-Destructive Testing Manual (NTM).
ProEx is conceptualized as a fictitious dialogue among the system and the NDT inspector.
For example:
System: “What aircraft type are you working on?”
NDT inspector: “A321.”
System: “Where is the affected area?”
NDT inspector: “Outer flap/LH.”
The NDT inspector specifies this area by navigating a digital mock-up (see figure 5).
Figure 5 – Problem-Oriented Expert System (ProEx)
In addition to the location of the affected area on the aircraft, the system knows that this
area is a FRP composite made from monolithic CFRP. Consequently, many different steps
are required to judge the unexpected irregularity. At several steps in the problem-solving
process, the NDT inspector is asked to perform one or more NDT inspection procedures
stored in 4M. During the whole process, all questions and answers (see figure 6) are tracked
and displayed in abbreviated form in the main navigation box. For protocol purposes, a
detailed display is also possible. A printable PDF version of the protocol can be generated
on the fly and – if required – be sent by fax or email to another person.
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Figure 6 – Process with questions and answers in ProEx
4.3 Tools Adjustment and Operation (TAO)
Modern NDT equipment is going to be more complex. This will cause a more difficult adjustment
and use in in-service. TAO is a solution where the basic data for complex equipment
is stored within the NDT procedure in the 4M. While the NDT equipment is connected
to the 4M, one click on a hyperlink is enough to transfer all necessary data. An example
is shown in figure 7.
Figure 7 – Remote adjustment of a complex NDT equipment
4.4. Online Maintenance Assistance (OMA)
The aim of this task was the development of communication procedures for performing
remote and local assistance to the inspectors by means of real-time NDT/NDE
data/information processing and knowledge-based inspection training, set-up and diagnosis.
To this end a standardized general architecture, called OMA system, for running the relevant
remote operations (data/information transfer/treatment, communication/authentication
tools) has been developed. The OMA is conceived as a process where in-service (human
and machine) operators are provided both with tools combining on-field measurements
with additional relevant knowledge (automatically generated by heterogeneous information
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stored in remote databases) and real-time expertise (embodying the management of a complete
work-flow to remotely revise and approve inspection procedures). The system supporting
the smart assistance operation is based on the use of mobile instrumentation suitably
connected to a distributed network of knowledge sources. OMA integrates different
communication channels (Intranet/Internet/GSM) among the users in order to support the
diagnosis.
When a local telecommunication infrastructure is not accessible, GSM mobile phone networks
can be used. In figure 8 the system developed to perform on-line assistance using
GSM networks is shown.
The system supports the following collaboration services:
− Audio conference: the participants have the possibility to illustrate the problem
helping the expert to get a better understanding of the situation at the aircraft.
− Video conference: in critical situations the expert can get a better impression of
the situation navigating with the NDT inspector around the inspection area,
pointing to important locations and observing operations and their results.
− Recording of images and video clips.
− Still image annotation / editing: the remote NDT inspector is able to point to relevant
regions.
− Data Transfer: the acquired images or video clips can be transferred to the NDT
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