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segment in the lower part of the beam. The light units
are arranged so that the pilot using the VASIs during
an approach will see the combination of lights shown
below.
12.2.1.5For 2−BAR VASI (4 light units), see
FIG AD 1.1−2.
12.2.1.6For 3−BAR VASI (6 light units), see
FIG AD 1.1−3.
12.2.1.7For other VASI configurations, see
FIG AD 1.1−4.
12.2.2Precision Approach Path Indicator
(PAPI).The precision approach path indicator
(PAPI) uses light units similar to the VASI but are
installed in a single row of either 2 or 4 lights units.
These systems have an effective visual range of about
5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles at night. The
row of light units is normally installed on the left side
of the runway and the glide path indications are as
depicted in FIG AD 1.1−5.
12.2.3Tri−color Systems.Tri−color visual
approach slope indicators normally consist of a single
light unit, projecting a three−color visual approach
path into the final approach area of the runway upon
which the indicator is installed. The below glide path
indication is red, the above glide path indication is
amber, and the on glide path indication is green.
These types of indicators have a useful range of
approximately 1/2 to 1 mile during the day and up to
5 miles at night depending upon the visibility
conditions. (See FIG AD 1.1−6.)
AIP
United States of America
AD 1.1−5
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
12.2.4Pulsating Systems.Pulsating visual
approach slope indicators normally consist of a single
light unit projecting a two−color visual approach path
into the final approach area of the runway upon which
the indicator is installed. The on glide path indication
is a steady white light. The slightly below glide path
indication is a steady red light. If the aircraft descends
further below the glide path, the red light starts to
pulsate. The above glide path indication is a pulsating
white light. The pulsating rate increases as the aircraft
gets further above or below the desired glide slope.
The useful range of the system is about four miles
during the day and up to ten miles at night.
(See FIG AD 1.1−7.)
12.2.5Alignment of Elements Systems.Alignment
of elements systems are installed on some small
general aviation airports and are a low cost system
consisting of painted plywood panels, normally black
and white or fluorescent orange. Some of these
systems are lighted for night use. The useful range of
these systems is approximately 3/4 mile. To use the
system the pilot positions the aircraft so the elements
are in alignment. The glide path indications are
shown in FIG AD 1.1−8.
12.3Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL)
12.3.1REILs are installed at many airfields to
provide rapid and positive identification of the
approach end of a particular runway. The system
consists of a pair of synchronized flashing lights, one
of which is located laterally on each side of the
runway threshold facing the approach area. They are
effective for:
12.3.1.1Identification of a runway surrounded by a
preponderance of other lighting.
12.3.1.2Identification of a runway which lacks
contrast with surrounding terrain.
12.3.1.3Identification of a runway during reduced
visibility.
12.4Runway Edge Light Systems
12.4.1Runway edge lights are used to outline the
edges of runways during periods of darkness or
restricted visibility conditions. These light systems
are classified according to the intensity or brightness
they are capable of producing: they are the High
Intensity Runway Lights (HIRL), Medium Intensity
Runway Lights (MIRL), and the Low Intensity
Runway Lights (LIRL). The HIRL and MIRL
systems have variable intensity controls; whereas, the
LIRLs normally have one intensity setting.
12.4.2The runway edge lights are white; except on
instrument runways, yellow replaces white on the last
2,000 feet or half the runway length, whichever is
less, to form a caution zone for landings.
12.4.3The lights marking the ends of the runway
emit red light toward the runway to indicate the end
of the runway to a departing aircraft and emit green
outward from the runway end to indicate the
threshold to landing aircraft.
12.5In−Runway Lighting
12.5.1Runway Centerline Lighting System
(RCLS).Runway centerline lights are installed on
some precision approach runways to facilitate
landing under adverse visibility conditions. They are
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