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7.8Cockpit Management.Studying maps, checklists,
and manuals before flight, with various other
proper preflight planning (e.g., noting necessary
radio frequencies), and organizing cockpit materials
can reduce the amount of time required to look at
these items during flight permitting more scan time.
7.9Windshield Conditions.Dirty or bug−smeared
windshields can greatly reduce the ability of pilots to
see other aircraft. Keep a clean windshield.
7.10Visibility Conditions.Smoke, haze, dust,
rain, and flying towards the sun can also greatly
reduce the ability to detect targets.
7.11Visual Obstruction in the Cockpit
7.11.1Pilots need to move their heads to see around
blind spots caused by fixed aircraft structures, such as
door posts, wings, etc. It will be necessary at times to
maneuver the aircraft (e.g., lift a wing) to facilitate
seeing around this structure.
7.11.2Pilots must insure that curtains and other
cockpit objects (e.g., maps on glare shield) are
removed and stowed during flight.
7.12Lights On
7.12.1Day or night, use of exterior lights can greatly
increase the conspicuity of any aircraft.
7.12.2Keep interior lights low at night.
7.13ATC Support.ATC facilities often provide
radar traffic advisories on a workload−permitting
basis. Flight through Class C Airspace requires
communication with ATC. Use this support whenever
possible or when required.
AIP ENR 1.16−1
United States of America 15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
ENR 1.16 Safety, Hazard, and Accident Reports
1. Aviation Safety Reporting Program
1.1The FAA has established a voluntary program
designed to stimulate the free and unrestricted flow of
information concerning deficiencies and discrepancies
in the aviation system. This is a positive program
intended to ensure the safest possible system by
identifying and correcting unsafe conditions before
they lead to accidents. The primary objective of the
program is to obtain information to evaluate and
enhance the safety and efficiency of the present
system.
1.2This cooperative safety reporting program
invites pilots, controllers, flight attendants, maintenance
personnel and other users of the airspace
system, or any other person, to file written reports of
actual or potential discrepancies and deficiencies
involving the safety of aviation operations. The
operations covered by the program include departure,
en route, approach, and landing operations and
procedures, air traffic control procedures and
equipment, crew and air traffic control communications,
aircraft cabin operations, aircraft movement on
the airport, near midair collisions, aircraft maintenance
and record keeping, and airport conditions or
services.
1.3The report should give the date, time, location,
persons and aircraft involved (if applicable), nature
of the event, and all pertinent details.
1.4To ensure receipt of this information, the
program provides for the waiver of certain
disciplinary actions against persons, including pilots
and air traffic controllers, who file timely written
reports concerning potentially unsafe incidents. To be
considered timely, reports must be delivered or
postmarked within 10 days of the incident unless that
period is extended for good cause. Reports should be
submitted on National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) ARC Forms 277, which are
available free of charge, postage prepaid, at FAA
Flight Standards District Offices and Flight Service
Stations, and from NASA, ASRS, P.O.Box 189,
Moffet Field, CA 94035.
1.5The FAA utilizes NASA to act as an independent
third party to receive and analyze reports submitted
under the program. This program is described in
Advisory Circular 00−46.
2. Aircraft Accident and Incident Reporting
2.1Occurrences Requiring Notification
2.1.1The operator of an aircraft shall immediately,
and by the most expeditious means available, notify
the nearest National Transportation Safety Board
(NTSB) Field Office when:
2.1.1.1An aircraft accident or any of the following
listed incidents occur:
a)Flight control system malfunction or failure.
b)Inability of any required flight crewmember to
perform normal flight duties as a result of injury or
illness.
c)Failure of structural components of a turbine
engine excluding compressor and turbine blades and
vanes.
d)Inflight fire.
e)Aircraft collide in flight.
f)Damage to property, other than the aircraft,
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