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direction of the wind. See FIG ENR 6.2−7.
FIG ENR 6.2−7
Recommended Lighting for
Landing Zone Operations at Night
NOTE−
Road flares are an intense source of ignition and may be
unsuitable or dangerous in certain conditions. In any case,
they must be closely managed and firefighting equipment
should be present when used. Other light sources are
preferred, if available.
ENR 6.2−14 AIP
15 MAR 07 United States of America
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
TBL ENR 6.2−3
Table of Common References for Estimating Wind Velocity
Wind
(Knots)
Wind
Classification
Appearance of Wind Effects
On the Water On Land
Less than 1 Calm Sea surface smooth and mirror−like Calm, smoke rises vertically
1−3 Light Air Scaly ripples, no foam crests Smoke drift indicates wind direction,
wind vanes are still
4−6 Light Breeze Small wavelets, crests glassy, no
breaking
Wind felt on face, leaves rustle, vanes
begin to move
7−10 Gentle Breeze Large wavelets, crests begin to break,
scattered whitecaps
Leaves and small twigs constantly
moving, light flags extended
11−16 Moderate Breeze Small waves 1−4 ft. becoming longer,
numerous whitecaps
Dust, leaves, and loose paper lifted,
small tree branches move
17−21 Fresh Breeze Moderate waves 4−8 ft taking longer
form, many whitecaps, some spray
Small trees in leaf begin to sway
22−27 Strong Breeze Larger waves 8−13 ft, whitecaps
common, more spray
Larger tree branches moving, whistling
in wires
28−33 Near Gale Sea heaps up, waves 13−20 ft, white
foam streaks off breakers
Whole trees moving, resistance felt
walking against wind
34−40 Gale Moderately high (13−20 ft) waves of
greater length, edges of crests begin to
break into spindrift, foam blown in
streaks
Whole trees in motion, resistance felt
walking against wind
41−47 Strong Gale High waves (20 ft), sea begins to roll,
dense streaks of foam, spray may reduce
visibility
Slight structural damage occurs, slate
blows off roofs
48−55 Storm Very high waves (20−30 ft) with
overhanging crests, sea white with
densely blown foam, heavy rolling,
lowered visibility
Seldom experienced on land, trees
broken or uprooted, considerable
structural damage"
56−63 Violent Storm Exceptionally high (30−45 ft) waves,
foam patches cover sea, visibility more
reduced
64+ Hurricane Air filled with foam, waves over 45ft,
sea completely white with driving spray,
visibility greatly reduced
EXAMPLE−
Wind from the South−East, estimated speed 15 knots. Wind shifted from North−East about fifteen minutes ago, and is gusty.
AIP ENR 6.2−15
United States of America 15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
3.7.1.5If chemical light sticks may be used, care
should be taken to assure they are adequately secured
against being dislodged by the helicopter’s rotor
wash.
3.7.1.6Another method of marking a LZ uses four
emergency vehicles with their low beam headlights
aimed toward the intended landing area.
3.7.1.7A third method for marking a LZ uses two
vehicles. Have the vehicles direct their headlight
beams into the wind, crossing at the center of the LZ.
(If fire/rescue personnel are available, the reflective
stripes on their bunker gear will assist the pilot
greatly.)
3.7.2At night, spotlights, flood lights and hand
lights used to define the LZ are not to be pointed at the
helicopter. However, they are helpful when pointed
toward utility poles, trees or other hazards to the
landing aircraft. White lights such as spotlights,
flashbulbs and hi−beam headlights ruin the pilot’s
night vision and temporarily blind him. Red lights,
however, are very helpful in finding accident
locations and do not affect the pilot’s night vision as
significantly.
3.7.3As in Day LZ operations, ensure radio contact
is accomplished between ground and air, if possible.
3.8Ground Guide
3.8.1When the helicopter is in sight, one person
should assist the LZ Coordinator by guiding the
helicopter into a safe landing area. In selecting an LZ
Coordinator, recognize that medical personnel
usually are very busy with the patient at this time. It
is recommended that the LZ Coordinator be someone
other than a medical responder, if possible. Eye
protection should be worn. The ground guide should
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