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1.1.3Student pilots should visit an aviation medical
examiner as soon as possible in their flight training in
order to avoid unnecessary training expenses should
they not meet the medical standards. For the same
reason, the student pilot who plans to enter
commercial aviation should apply for the highest
class of medical certificate that might be necessary in
the pilot’s career.
CAUTION−
The Federal Aviation Regulations prohibit a pilot who
possesses a current medical certificate from performing
crewmember duties while the pilot has a known medical
condition or increase of a known medical condition that
would make the pilot unable to meet the standards for the
medical certificate.
1.2Illness
1.2.1Even a minor illness suffered in day−to−day
living can seriously degrade performance of many
piloting tasks vital to safe fight. Illness can produce
fever and distracting symptoms that can impair
judgment, memory, alertness, and the ability to make
calculations. Although symptoms from an illness
may be under adequate control with a medication, the
medication itself may decrease pilot performance.
1.2.2The safest rule is not to fly while suffering from
any illness. If this rule is considered too stringent for
a particular illness, the pilot should contact an
aviation medical examiner for advice.
1.3Medication
1.3.1Pilot performance can be seriously degraded
by both prescribed and over−the−counter medications,
as well as by the medical conditions for which
they are taken. Many medications, such as tranquilizers,
sedatives, strong pain relievers, and cough−suppressant
preparations, have primary effects that may
impair judgment, memory, alertness, coordination,
vision, and the ability to make calculations. Others,
such as antihistamines, blood pressure drugs, muscle
relaxants, and agents to control diarrhea and motion
sickness, have side effects that may impair the same
critical functions. Any medication that depresses the
nervous system, such as a sedative, tranquilizer, or
antihistamine, can make a pilot much susceptible to
hypoxia (see below).
1.3.2The Federal Aviation Regulations prohibit
pilots from performing crewmember duties while
using any medication that affects the faculties in any
way contrary to safety. The safest rule is not to fly as
a crewmember while taking any medication, unless
approved to do so by the FAA.
1.4 Alcohol
1.4.1Extensive research has provided a number of
facts about the hazards of alcohol consumption and
flying. As little as one ounce of liquor, one bottle of
beer, or four ounces of wine can impair flying skills,
with the alcohol consumed in these drinks being
detectable in the breath and blood at least three hours.
Even after the body completely destroys a moderate
amount of alcohol, a pilot can still be severely
impaired for many hours by hangover. There is
ENR 1.15−2 AIP
15 MAR 07 United States of America
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
simply no way of increasing the destruction of
alcohol or alleviating a hangover. Alcohol also
renders a pilot much more susceptible to disorientation
and hypoxia (see below).
1.4.2A consistently high alcohol−related, fatal
aircraft accident rate serves to emphasize that alcohol
and flying are a potentially lethal combination. The
Federal Aviation Regulations prohibit pilots from
performing crewmember duties within eight hours
after drinking any alcoholic beverage or while under
the influence of alcohol. However, due to the slow
destruction of alcohol, a pilot may still be under the
influence eight hours after drinking a moderate
amount of alcohol. Therefore, an excellent rule is to
allow at least 12 to 24 hours between bottle and
throttle" depending on the amount of alcoholic
beverage consumed.
1.5Fatigue
1.5.1Fatigue continues to be one of the most
treacherous hazards to flight safety, as it may not be
apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made.
Fatigue is best described as either acute (short−term)
or chronic (long−term).
1.5.2A normal occurrence of everyday living, acute
fatigue is the tiredness felt after long periods of
physical and mental strain, including strenuous
muscular effort, immobility, heavy mental workload,
strong emotional pressure, monotony, and lack of
sleep. Consequently, coordination and alertness, so
vital to safe pilot performance, can be reduced. Acute
fatigue is prevented by adequate rest and sleep, as
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