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the mountain wave phenomenon.
8.2 Mountain waves occur when air is being blown
over a mountain range or even the ridge of a sharp
bluff area. As the air hits the upwind side of the range,
it starts to climb, thus creating what is generally a
smooth updraft which turns into a turbulent
downdraft as the air passes the crest of the ridge. From
this point, for many miles downwind, there will be a
series of downdrafts and updrafts. Satellite photos of
the Rockies have shown mountain waves extending
as far as 700 miles downwind of the range. Along the
east coast area, such photos of the Appalachian chain
have picked up the mountain wave phenomenon over
a hundred miles eastward. All it takes to form a
mountain wave is wind blowing across the range at
15 knots or better at an intersection angle of not less
than 30 degrees.
8.3 Pilots from flatland areas should understand a
few things about mountain waves in order to stay out
of trouble. Approaching a mountain range from the
upwind side (generally the west), there will usually be
a smooth updraft; therefore, it is not quite as
dangerous an area as the lee of the range. From the
leeward side, it is always a good idea to add an extra
thousand feet or so of altitude because downdrafts
31 JULY 08
ENR 5.7−6 AIP
15 MAR 07 United States of America
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
can exceed the climb capability of the aircraft. Never
expect an updraft when approaching a mountain
chain from the leeward. Always be prepared to cope
with a downdraft and turbulence.
8.4 When approaching a mountain ridge from the
downwind side, it is recommended that the ridge be
approached at approximately a 45° angle to the
horizontal direction of the ridge. This permits a safer
retreat from the ridge with less stress on the aircraft
should severe turbulence and downdraft be experienced.
If severe turbulence is encountered,
simultaneously reduce power and adjust pitch until
aircraft approaches maneuvering speed, then adjust
power and trim to maintain maneuvering speed and
fly away from the turbulent area.
9. Seaplane Safety
9.1 Acquiring a seaplane class rating affords access
to many areas not available to landplane pilots.
Adding a seaplane class rating to your pilot certificate
can be relatively uncomplicated and inexpensive.
However, more effort is required to become a safe,
efficient, competent “bush” pilot. The natural hazards
of the backwoods have given way to modern
man−made hazards. Except for the far north, the
available bodies of water are no longer the exclusive
domain of the airman. Seaplane pilots must be
vigilant for hazards such as electric power lines,
power, sail and rowboats, rafts, mooring lines, water
skiers, swimmers, etc.
9.2 Seaplane pilots must have a thorough understanding
of the right−of−way rules as they apply to
aircraft versus other vessels. Seaplane pilots are
expected to know and adhere to both the United
States Coast Guard’s (USCG) Navigation Rules,
International−Inland, and Title 14 Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) Section 91.115, Right of Way
Rules; Water Operations. The navigation rules of the
road are a set of collision avoidance rules as they
apply to aircraft on the water. A seaplane is
considered a vessel when on the water for the
purposes of these collision avoidance rules. In
general, a seaplane on the water shall keep well clear
of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation.
The CFR requires, in part, that aircraft operating on
the water “. . . shall, insofar as possible, keep clear of
all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation and
shall give way to any vessel or other aircraft that is
given the right of way . . . .” This means that a
seaplane should avoid boats and commercial
shipping when on the water. If on a collision course,
the seaplane should slow, stop, or maneuver to the
right, away from the bow of the oncoming vessel.
Also, while on the surface with an engine running, an
aircraft must give way to all nonpowered vessels.
Since a seaplane in the water may not be as
maneuverable as one in the air, the aircraft on the
water has right−of−way over one in the air, and one
taking off has right−of−way over one landing. A
seaplane is exempt from the USCG safety equipment
requirements, including the requirements for Personal
Floatation Devices (PFD). Requiring seaplanes on
the water to comply with USCG equipment
requirements in addition to the FAA equipment
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