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well as regular exercise and proper nutrition.
1.5.3Chronic fatigue occurs when there is not
enough time for full recovery between episodes of
acute fatigue. Performance continues to fall off, and
judgment becomes impaired so that unwarranted
risks may be taken. Recovery from chronic fatigue
requires a prolonged period of rest.
1.6 Stress
1.6.1Stress from the pressures of everyday living
can impair pilot performance, often in very subtle
ways. Difficulties, particularly at work, can occupy
thought processes enough to markedly decrease
alertness. Distraction can so interfere with judgment
that unwarranted risks are taken, such as flying into
deteriorating weather conditions to keep on schedule.
Stress and fatigue (see above) can be an extremely
hazardous combination.
1.6.2Most pilots do leave stress on the ground."
Therefore when more than usual difficulties are being
experienced, a pilot should consider delaying flight
until these difficulties are satisfactorily resolved.
1.7Emotion
1.7.1Certain emotionally upsetting events, including
a serious argument, death of a family member,
separation or divorce, loss of job, and financial
catastrophe, can render a pilot unable to fly an aircraft
safely. The emotions of anger, depression, and
anxiety from such events not only decrease alertness
but also may lead to taking risks that border on
self−destruction. Any pilot who experiences an
emotionally upsetting event should not fly until
satisfactorily recovered from it.
1.8Personal Checklist
1.8.1Aircraft accident statistics show that pilots
should be conducting preflight checklists on
themselves as well as their aircraft, for pilot
impairment contributes to many more accidents than
failure of aircraft systems. A personal checklist that
can be easily committed to memory, which includes
all of the categories of pilot impairment discussed in
this section, is distributed by the FAA in form of a
wallet−sized card.
1.9PERSONAL CHECKLIST.I’m physically
and mentally safe to fly; not being impaired by:
Illness
Medication
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Emotion
AIP ENR 1.15−3
United States of America 15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
2. Effects of Altitude
2.1Hypoxia
2.1.1Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the
body sufficient to impair functions of the brain and
other organs. Hypoxia from exposure to altitude is
due only to the reduced barometric pressures
encountered at altitude, for the concentration of
oxygen in the atmosphere remains about 21 percent
from the ground out to space.
2.1.2Although a deterioration in night vision occurs
at a cabin pressure altitude as low as 5,000 feet, other
significant effects of altitude hypoxia usually do not
occur in the normal healthy pilot below 12,000 feet.
From 12,000 to 15,000 feet of altitude, judgment,
memory, alertness, coordination and ability to make
calculations are impaired. Headache, drowsiness,
dizziness and either a sense of well−being (euphoria)
or belligerence occur. The effects appear following
increasingly shorter periods of exposure to increasing
altitude. In fact, pilot performance can seriously
deteriorate within 15 minutes at 15,000 feet.
2.1.3At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 feet,
the periphery of the visual field grays out to a point
where only central vision remains (tunnel vision). A
blue coloration (cyanosis) of the fingernails and lips
develops. The ability to take corrective and protective
action is lost in 20 to 30 minutes at 18,000 feet and
5to 12 minutes at 20,000 feet, followed soon
thereafter by unconsciousness.
2.1.4The altitude at which significant effects of
hypoxia occur can be lowered by a number of factors.
Carbon monoxide inhaled in smoking or from
exhaust fumes (see below), lowered hemoglobin
(anemia), and certain medications can reduce the
oxygen−carrying capacity of the blood to the degree
that the amount of oxygen provided to body tissues
will already be equivalent to the oxygen provided to
the tissues when exposed to cabin pressure altitude of
several thousand feet. Small amounts of alcohol and
low doses of certain drugs, such as antihistamines,
tranquilizers, sedatives, and analgesics can, through
their depressant actions, render the brain much more
susceptible to hypoxia. Extreme heat and cold, fever,
and anxiety increase the body’s demand for oxygen,
and hence its susceptibility to hypoxia.
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