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The ATC system is indeed a system, and very little happens
by chance. As a flight progresses, controllers in adjoining
sectors or adjoining Centers coordinate its handling by
telephone or by computer. Where there is a boundary between
the airspace controlled by different facilities, the location and
altitude for hand-off is determined by Letters of Agreement
(LOA) negotiated between the two facility managers. This
information is not available to pilots in any Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) publication. For this reason, it is good
practice to note on the en route chart the points at which handoffs
occur. Each time a flight is handed-off to a different
facility, the controller knows the altitude and location—this
was part of the hand-off procedure.
9-15
Figure 9-16. ATC Facilities, Services, and Radio Call Signs.
9-16
10-1
Introduction
This chapter is a discussion of conducting a flight under
instrument flight rules (IFR). It also explains the sources for
flight planning, the conditions associated with instrument
flight, and the procedures used for each phase of IFR flight:
departure, en route, and approach. The chapter concludes
with an example of an IFR flight which applies many of the
procedures discussed in the chapter.
IFR Flight
Chapter 10
10-2
Sources of Flight Planning Information
The following resources are available for a pilot planning a
flight conducted under instrument flight rules (IFR).
National Aeronautical Charting Group (NACG)
publications:
• IFR en route charts
• area charts
• United States (U.S.) Terminal Procedures Publications
(TPP)
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications:
• AIM
• Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD)
• Notices to Airmen Publication (NTAP) for flight
planning in the National Airspace System (NAS)
Pilots should also consult the Pilot’s Operating Handbook/
Airplane Flight Manual (POH/AFM) for flight planning
information pertinent to the aircraft to be flown.
A review of the contents of all the listed publications will help
determine which material should be referenced for each flight.
As a pilot becomes more familiar with these publications, the
flight planning process becomes quicker and easier.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
The AIM provides the aviation community with basic
flight information and air traffic control (ATC) procedures
used in the United States NAS. An international version
called the Aeronautical Information Publication contains
parallel information, as well as specific information on the
international airports used by the international community.
Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD)
The A/FD contains information on airports, communications,
and navigation aids pertinent to IFR flight. It also includes
very-high frequency omnidirectional range (VOR) receiver
checkpoints, automated flight service station (AFSS), weather
service telephone numbers, and air route traffic control center
(ARTCC) frequencies. Various special notices essential
to flight are also included, such as land-and-hold-short
operations (LAHSO) data, the civil use of military fields,
continuous power facilities, and special flight procedures.
In the major terminal and en route environments, preferred
routes have been established to guide pilots in planning their
routes of flight, to minimize route changes, and to aid in the
orderly management of air traffic using the federal airways.
The A/FD lists both high and low altitude preferred routes.
Notices to Airmen Publication (NTAP)
The NTAP is a publication containing current Notices to
Airmen (NOTAMs) which are essential to the safety of flight,
as well as supplemental data affecting the other operational
publications listed. It also includes current Flight Data Center
(FDC) NOTAMs, which are regulatory in nature, issued to
establish restrictions to flight or to amend charts or published
instrument approach procedures (IAPs).
POH/AFM
The POH/AFM contain operating limitations, performance,
normal and emergency procedures, and a variety of other
operational information for the respective aircraft. Aircraft
manufacturers have done considerable testing to gather and
substantiate the information in the aircraft manual. Pilots should
refer to it for information relevant to a proposed flight.
IFR Flight Plan
As specified in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(14 CFR) part 91, no person may operate an aircraft in
controlled airspace under IFR unless that person has filed an
IFR flight plan. Flight plans may be submitted to the nearest
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