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E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
NAV
GS
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
HDG
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
NAV
GS
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
HDG WIND
ADF
HDG 015° CRS
015°
ADF
HDG 015° CRS
015°
ADF
HDG 330° CRS
330°
ADF
HDG 330° CRS
330°
ADF
HDG 340° CRS
340°
ADF
HDG 350° CRS
350°
330°
DG
DG
DG
G
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
33
30
24
2I
I5
I2
6
3
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
33
30
24
2I
I5
I2
6
3
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
33
30
24
2I
I5
I2
6
3
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
33
30
24
2I
I5
I2
6
3
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
33
30
24
2I
I5
I2
6
3
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
33
30
24
2I
I5
I2
6
3
Figure 7-8. ADF interception and tracking outbound.
015°
Station
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
NAV
GS
View is from the pilots
perspective, and the
movable card is reset
after each turn
Figure 7-8. ADF Interception and Tracking Outbound.
7-10
Figure 7-10. VOR Radials.
355°
75°
ADF
HDG 075° CRS
075°
ADF
HDG 355° CRS
355°
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
INBOUND
INTERCEPTION
355°
355°
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
33
30
24
2I
I5
I2
6
3
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
33
30
24
2I
I5
I2
6
3
Station
Figure 7-9. Interception of bearing.
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
1512
306
NAV
GS
View is from the pilots
perspective, and the
movable card is reset
after each turn
Figure 7-9. Interception of Bearing.
the aircraft altitude, class of facility, location of the facility,
terrain conditions within the usable area of the facility, and
other factors. Above and beyond certain altitude and distance
limits, signal interference from other VOR facilities and a
weak signal make it unreliable. Coverage is typically at least
40 miles at normal minimum instrument flight rules (IFR)
altitudes. VORs with accuracy problems in parts of their
service volume are listed in Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs)
and in the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) under the name
of the NAVAID.
VOR Components
The ground equipment consists of a VOR ground station,
which is a small, low building topped with a flat white disc,
upon which are located the VOR antennas and a fiberglass
cone-shaped tower. [Figure 7-11] The station includes an
automatic monitoring system. The monitor automatically
turns off defective equipment and turns on the standby
transmitter. Generally, the accuracy of the signal from the
ground station is within 1°.
VOR facilities are aurally identified by Morse code, or
voice, or both. The VOR can be used for ground-to-air
communication without interference with the navigation
signal. VOR facilities operate within the 108.0 to 117.95 MHz
frequency band and assignment between 108.0 and 112.0
The courses oriented FROM the station are called radials. The
VOR information received by an aircraft is not influenced
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