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bearing pointers (typically). Generally, one pointer is for the
ADF while the other is for an RNAV or VOR navigation
system. The pointers are typically different colors and of
different widths for ease of identification. Sometimes a
function switch is provided to allow the #2 pointer to be
slaved to either a VOR or RNAV system. The card of the
RMI acts as a gyro-stabilized magnetic compass (usually
corrected for north via a flux valve) and shows the magnetic
heading the aircraft is flying.
Radio wave. An electromagnetic wave (EM wave) with
frequency characteristics useful for radio transmission.
RAIM. See receiver autonomous integrity monitoring.
Random RNAV routes. Direct routes, based on area
navigation capability, between waypoints defined in terms
of latitude/longitude coordinates, degree-distance fixes, or
offsets from established routes/airways at a specified distance
and direction.
Ranging signals. Transmitted from the GPS satellite, these
allow the aircraft’s receiver to determine range (distance)
from each satellite.
RB. See relative bearing.
RBI. See relative bearing indicator.
RCO. See remote communications outlet.
Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM).
A system used to verify the usability of the received GPS
signals and warns the pilot of any malfunction in the
navigation system. This system is required for IFR-certified
GPS units.
Recommended altitude. An altitude depicted on an
instrument approach chart with the altitude value neither
underscored nor overscored. The depicted value is an
advisory value.
Receiver-transmitter (RT). A system that permits selection
of a unique channel or frequency whereupon a signal (typically
communication) can be transmitted and received.
Reduced vertical separation minimum (RVSM). Reduces
the vertical separation between flight level (FL) 290–410
from 2,000 feet to 1,000 feet and makes six additional FLs
available for operation. Also see DRVSM.
Reference circle (also, distance circle). The circle depicted
in the plan view of an IAP chart that typically has a 10 NM
radius, within which chart the elements are drawn to scale.
Regions of command. The “regions of normal and reversed
command” refers to the relationship between speed and the
power required to maintain or change that speed in flight.
REIL. See runway end identifier lights.
Relative bearing (RB). The angular difference between the
aircraft heading and the direction to the station, measured
clockwise from the nose of the aircraft.
Relative bearing indicator (RBI). Also known as the fixedcard
ADF, zero is always indicated at the top of the instrument
and the needle indicates the relative bearing to the station.
G-16
Relative wind. Direction of the airflow produced by an object
moving through the air. The relative wind for an airplane in
flight flows in a direction parallel with and opposite to the
direction of flight; therefore, the actual flight path of the
airplane determines the direction of the relative wind.
Remote communications outlet (RCO). An unmanned
communications facility that is remotely controlled by air
traffic personnel.
Required navigation performance (RNP). A specified level
of accuracy defined by a lateral area of confined airspace in
which an RNP-certified aircraft operates.
Restricted area. Airspace designated under 14 CFR part
73 within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly
prohibited, is subject to restriction.
Reverse sensing. The VOR needle appearing to indicate the
reverse of normal operation.
RF. Radio frequency.
Rhodopsin. The photosensitive pigments that initiate the
visual response in the rods of the eye.
Rigidity. The characteristic of a gyroscope that prevents its
axis of rotation tilting as the Earth rotates.
Rime ice. Rough, milky, opaque ice formed by the
instantaneous freezing of small supercooled water droplets.
Risk. The future impact of a hazard that is not eliminated
or controlled.
RMI. See radio magnetic indicator.
RNAV. See area navigation.
RNP. See required navigation performance.
Runway end identifier lights (REIL). A pair of synchronized
flashing lights, located laterally on each side of the runway
threshold, providing rapid and positive identification of the
approach end of a runway.
Runway visibility value (RVV). The visibility determined
for a particular runway by a transmissometer.
Runway visual range (RVR). The instrumentally derived
horizontal distance a pilot should be able to see down the
runway from the approach end, based on either the sighting
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Instrument Flying Handbook仪表飞行手册下(112)
