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procedures designed to increase the flexibility of user flight
planning within published guidelines.
National Security Area (NSA). Areas consisting of airspace of
defined vertical and lateral dimensions established at locations
where there is a requirement for increased security and safety
of ground facilities. Pilots are requested to voluntarily avoid
flying through the depicted NSA. When it is necessary to
provide a greater level of security and safety, flight in NSAs
may be temporarily prohibited. Regulatory prohibitions are
disseminated via NOTAMs.
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). A United
States Government independent organization responsible for
investigations of accidents involving aviation, highways,
waterways, pipelines, and railroads in the United States.
NTSB is charged by congress to investigate every civil
aviation accident in the United States.
NAVAID. Naviagtional aid.
NAV/COM. Navigation and communication radio.
NDB. See nondirectional radio beacon.
NM. Nautical mile.
NOAA. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
No-gyro approach. A radar approach that may be used in
case of a malfunctioning gyro-compass or directional gyro.
Instead of providing the pilot with headings to be flown,
the controller observes the radar track and issues control
instructions “turn right/left” or “stop turn,” as appropriate.
Nondirectional radio beacon (NDB). A ground-based radio
transmitter that transmits radio energy in all directions.
Nonprecision approach. A standard instrument approach
procedure in which only horizontal guidance is provided.
No procedure turn (NoPT). Term used with the appropriate
course and altitude to denote that the procedure turn is not
required.
NoPT. See no procedure turn.
Notice to Airmen (NOTAM). A notice filed with an aviation
authority to alert aircraft pilots of any hazards en route or at
a specific location. The authority in turn provides means of
disseminating relevant NOTAMs to pilots.
NRP. See National Route Program.
NSA. See National Security Area.
NTSB. See National Transportation Safety Board.
NWS. National Weather Service.
Obstacle departure procedures (ODP). Obstacle clearance
protection provided to aircraft in instrument meteorological
conditions (IMC).
ODP. See obstacle departure procedures.
OM. Outer marker.
Omission error. The failure to anticipate significant
instrument indications following attitude changes; for
example, concentrating on pitch control while forgetting
about heading or roll information, resulting in erratic control
of heading and bank.
Optical illusion. A misleading visual image. For the
purpose of this handbook, the term refers to the brain’s
misinterpretation of features on the ground associated
with landing, which causes a pilot to misread the spatial
relationships between the aircraft and the runway.
Orientation. Awareness of the position of the aircraft and
of oneself in relation to a specific reference point.
Otolith organ. An inner ear organ that detects linear
acceleration and gravity orientation.
Outer marker. A marker beacon at or near the glide slope
intercept altitude of an ILS approach. It is normally located
four to seven miles from the runway threshold on the
extended centerline of the runway.
Overcontrolling. Using more movement in the control
column than is necessary to achieve the desired pitch-and
bank condition.
Overpower. To use more power than required for the purpose
of achieving a faster rate of airspeed change.
G-14
P-static. See precipitation static.
PAPI. See precision approach path indicator.
PAR. See precision approach radar.
Parasite drag. Drag caused by the friction of air moving
over the aircraft structure; its amount varies directly with
the airspeed.
PFD. See primary flight display.
PIC. See pilot-in-command.
Pilot-in-command (PIC). The pilot responsible for the
operation and safety of an aircraft.
Pilot report (PIREP). Report of meteorological phenomena
encountered by aircraft.
Pilot’s Operating Handbook/Airplane Flight Manual
(POH/AFM). FAA-approved documents published by the
airframe manufacturer that list the operating conditions for
a particular model of aircraft.
PIREP. See pilot report.
Pitot pressure. Ram air pressure used to measure airspeed.
Pitot-static head. A combination pickup used to sample pitot
pressure and static air pressure.
Plan view. The overhead view of an approach procedure on
an instrument approach chart. The plan view depicts the routes
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