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If feathered markings appear on the left-hand side of the
arrowhead, a back course (BC)
signal is transmitted. On NACG en route charts, the localizer
symbol is only depicted to identify an intersection.
Off-route VORs remain the most common means of
identifying intersections when traveling on an airway. Arrows
depicted next to the intersection indicate the NAVAID to
be used for identification. Another means of identifying an
intersection is with the use of DME. A hollow arrowhead
indicates DME is authorized for intersection identification. If
the DME mileage at the intersection is a cumulative distance
of route segments, the mileage is totaled and indicated by
a D-shaped symbol with a mileage number inside.
[Figure 8-4] Approved IFR GPS units can also be used to
report intersections.
Other Route Information
DME and GPS provide valuable route information concerning
such factors as mileage, position, and groundspeed. Even
without this equipment, information is provided on the
charts for making the necessary calculations using time and
distance. The en route chart depicts point-to-point distances
on the airway system. Distances from VOR to VOR are
charted with a number inside of a box. To differentiate
distances when two airways coincide, the word “TO” with the
three-letter VOR identifier appear to the left of the distance
boxes.
VOR changeover points (COPs) are depicted on the charts by
this symbol: The numbers indicate the distance at which
to change the VOR frequency. The frequency change might
be required due to signal reception or conflicting frequencies.
If a COP does not appear on an airway, the frequency should
be changed midway between the facilities. A COP at an
intersection may indicate a course change.
Occasionally an “x” will appear at a separated segment of
an airway that is not an intersection. The “x” is a mileage
breakdown or computer navigation fix and may indicate a
course change.
Today’s computerized system of ATC has greatly reduced
the need for holding en route. However,
published holding patterns are still found on
charts at junctures where ATC has deemed it Holding Pattern
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8-11
Figure 8-6. Moving Map Display.
Figure 8-7. Example of an Electronic Flight Bag.
relation to NAVAIDS, waypoints, airspace, terrain, and
hazardous weather. GPS systems can be certified for terminal
area and en route use as well as approach guidance.
Additional breakthroughs in display technology are the new
electronic chart systems or electronic flight bags that facilitate
the use of electronic documents in the general aviation
flight deck. [Figure 8-7] An electronic chart or flight bag
is a self-powered electronic library that stores and displays
en route charts and other essential documents on a screen.
These electronic devices can store the digitized United States
terminal procedures, en route charts, the complete airport
facility directory, in addition to Title 14 of the Code of Federal
Regulations (14 CFR) and the AIM. Full touch-screen based
computers allow pilots to view airport approach and area
charts electronically while flying. It replaces paper charts as
well as other paper materials including minimum equipment
lists (MELs), standard operating procedures (SOPs), standard
instrument departures (SIDs), standard terminal arrival
routes (STARs), checklists, and flight deck manuals. As with
paper flight publications, the electronic database needs to be
current to provide accurate information regarding NAVAIDS,
waypoints, and terminal procedures. Databases are updated
every 28 days and are available from various commercial
vendors. Pilots should be familiar with equipment operation,
capabilities, and limitations prior to use.
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Terminal Procedures Publications
While the en route charts provide the information necessary
to safely transit broad regions of airspace, the United States
Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) enables pilots to
guide their aircraft in the airport area. Whether departing or
arriving, these procedures exist to make the controllers’ and
pilots’ jobs safer and more efficient. Available in booklets
by region (published by NACG), the TPP includes approach
procedures, STARs, Departure Procedures (DPs), and airport
diagrams.
Departure Procedures (DPs)
There are two types of DPs, Obstacle Departure Procedures
(ODP) and SIDs. [Figure 8-8] Both types of DPs provide
obstacle clearance protection to aircraft in instrument
meteorological conditions (IMC), while reducing
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