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Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range
(VOR)
VOR is the primary navigational aid (NAVAID) used by civil
aviation in the National Airspace System (NAS). The VOR
ground station is oriented to magnetic north and transmits
azimuth information to the aircraft, providing 360 courses
TO or FROM the VOR station. When DME is installed with
the VOR, it is referred to as a VOR/DME and provides both
azimuth and distance information. When military tactical air
navigation (TACAN) equipment is installed with the VOR,
it is known as a VORTAC and provides both azimuth and
distance information.
To track outbound, the same principles apply: needle moving
left = wind from the left, needle moving right = wind from the
right. Wind correction is made toward the needle deflection.
The only exception is while the turn to establish the WCA is
being made, the direction of the azimuth needle deflections is
reversed. When tracking inbound, needle deflection decreases
while turning to establish the WCA, and needle deflection
increases when tracking outbound. Note the example of
course interception and outbound tracking in Figure 7-8.
Intercepting Bearings
ADF orientation and tracking procedures may be applied to
intercept a specified inbound or outbound MB. To intercept
an inbound bearing of 355°, the following steps may be used.
[Figure 7-9]
1. Determine your position in relation to the station by
paralleling the desired inbound bearing. In this case,
turn to a heading of 355°. Note that the station is to
the right front of the aircraft.
2. Determine the number of degrees of needle deflection
from the nose of the aircraft. In this case, the needle’s
RB from the aircraft’s nose is 40° to the right. A rule
of thumb for interception is to double this RB amount
as an interception angle (80°).
3. Turn the aircraft toward the desired MB the number of
degrees determined for the interception angle which
as indicated (in two above) is twice the initial RB
(40°), or in this case 80°. Therefore, the right turn will
be 80° from the initial MB of 355°, or a turn to 075°
magnetic (355° + 80° + 075°).
4. Maintain this interception heading of 075° until the
needle is deflected the same number of degrees “left”
from the zero position as the angle of interception
080°, (minus any lead appropriate for the rate at which
the bearing is changing).
5. Turn left 80° and the RB (in a no wind condition and
with proper compensation for the rate of the ADF
needle movement) should be 0°, or directly off the
nose. Additionally, the MB should be 355° indicating
proper interception of the desired course.
NOTE: The rate of an ADF needle movement or any bearing
pointer for that matter will be faster as aircraft position
becomes closer to the station or waypoint (WP).
Interception of an outbound MB can be accomplished by the
same procedures as for the inbound intercept, except that
it is necessary to substitute the 180° position for the zero
position on the needle.
7-9
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
NAV
GS
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
HDG
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
NAV
GS
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
HDG
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
NAV
GS
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
HDG
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
NAV
GS
33
30
24
21
15
12
6
3
W
S
E
N
HDG
OBS
N
E
S
W
3
33
24
21
15
12
306
OBS
N
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Instrument Flying Handbook仪表飞行手册下(13)
