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Because the PRM has no scan rate restrictions, it is capable
of providing a faster update rate (up to 0.5 second) over
conventional systems, thereby providing better target
presentation in terms of accuracy, resolution, and track
prediction. The system is designed to search, track, process,
and display SSR-equipped aircraft within airspace of over
30 miles in range and over 15,000 feet in elevation. Visual
and audible alerts are generated to warn controllers to take
corrective actions.
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Figure 9-15. Aircraft Management Using PRM. (Note the no transgression zone (NTZ) and how the aircraft are separated.)
PRM Benefits
Typically, PRM is used with dual approaches with centerlines
separated less than 4,300 feet but not less than 3,000 feet
(under most conditions). [Figure 9-15] Separating the two
final approach courses is a No Transgression Zone (NTZ)
with surveillance of that zone provided by two controllers,
one for each active approach. The system tracking software
provides PRM monitor controllers with aircraft identification,
position, speed, projected position, as well as visual and
aural alerts.
Control Sequence
The IFR system is flexible and accommodating if pilots do
their homework, have as many frequencies as possible written
down before they are needed, and have an alternate in mind
if the flight cannot be completed as planned. Pilots should
familiarize themselves with all the facilities and services
available along the planned route of flight. [Figure 9-16]
Always know where the nearest VFR conditions can be
found, and be prepared to head in that direction if the situation
deteriorates.
A typical IFR flight, with departure and arrival at airports
with control towers, would use the ATC facilities and services
in the following sequence:
1. AFSS: Obtain a weather briefing for a departure,
destination and alternate airports, and en route
conditions, and then file a flight plan by calling
1-800-WX-BRIEF.
2. ATIS: Preflight complete, listen for present conditions
and the approach in use.
3. Clearance Delivery: Prior to taxiing, obtain a departure
clearance.
4. Ground Control: Noting that the flight is IFR, receive
taxi instructions.
5. Tower: Pre-takeoff checks complete, receive clearance
to takeoff.
6. Departure Control: Once the transponder “tags up”
with the ARTS, the tower controller instructs the pilot
to contact Departure to establish radar contact.
9-14
7. ARTCC: After departing the departure controller’s
airspace, aircraft is handed off to Center, who
coordinates the flight while en route. Pilots may
be in contact with multiple ARTCC facilities; they
coordinate the hand-offs.
8. EFAS/HIWAS: Coordinate with ATC before
leaving their frequency to obtain inflight weather
information.
9. ATIS: Coordinate with ATC before leaving their
frequency to obtain ATIS information.
10. Approach Control: Center hands off to approach
control where pilots receive additional information
and clearances.
11. Tower: Once cleared for the approach, pilots are
instructed to contact tower control; the flight plan is
canceled by the tower controller upon landing.
A typical IFR flight, with departure and arrival at airports
without operating control towers, would use the ATC
facilities and services in the following sequence:
1. AFSS: Obtain a weather briefing for departure,
destination, and alternate airports, and en route
conditions, and then file a flight plan by calling
1-800-WX-BRIEF. Provide the latitude/longitude
description for small airports to ensure that Center is
able to locate departure and arrival locations.
2. AFSS or UNICOM: ATC clearances can be filed and
received on the UNICOM frequency if the licensee
has made arrangements with the controlling ARTCC;
otherwise, file with AFSS via telephone. Be sure all
preflight preparations are complete before filing. The
clearance includes a clearance void time. Pilots must
be airborne prior to the void time.
3. ARTCC: After takeoff, establish contact with Center.
During the flight, pilots may be in contact with
multiple ARTCC facilities; ATC coordinates the handoffs.
4. EFAS/HIWAS: Coordinate with ATC before
leaving their frequency to obtain in-flight weather
information.
5. Approach Control: Center hands off to approach
control where pilots receive additional information and
clearances. If a landing under visual meteorological
conditions (VMC) is possible, pilots may cancel their
IFR clearance before landing.
Letters of Agreement (LOA)
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Instrument Flying Handbook仪表飞行手册下(65)
