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of high-intensity runway lights, or the visual contrast of
other objects.
RVR. See runway visual range.
RVV. See runway visibility value.
SA. See selective availability.
St. Elmo’s Fire. A corona discharge which lights up the aircraft
surface areas where maximum static discharge occurs.
Satellite ephemeris data. Data broadcast by the GPS
satellite containing very accurate orbital data for that
satellite, atmospheric propagation data, and satellite clock
error data.
Scan. The first fundamental skill of instrument flight, also
known as “cross-check;” the continuous and logical observation
of instruments for attitude and performance information.
SDF. See simplified directional facility.
Selective availability (SA). A satellite technology permitting
the Department of Defense (DOD) to create, in the interest
of national security, a significant clock and ephemeris error
in the satellites, resulting in a navigation error.
Semicircular canal. An inner ear organ that detects angular
acceleration of the body.
Sensitive altimeter. A form of multipointer pneumatic
altimeter with an adjustable barometric scale that allows the
reference pressure to be set to any desired level.
SIDS. See standard instrument departure procedures.
SIGMET. The acronym for Significant Meteorological
information. A weather advisory issued concerning weather
significant to the safety of all aircraft.
Signal-to-noise ratio. An indication of signal strength
received compared to background noise, which is a measure
of how adequate the received signal is.
G-17
Simplex. Transmission and reception on the same
frequency.
Simplified directional facility (SDF). A NAVAID used
for nonprecision instrument approaches. The final approach
course is similar to that of an ILS localizer; however, the
SDF course may be offset from the runway, generally not
more than 3°, and the course may be wider than the localizer,
resulting in a lower degree of accuracy.
Single-pilot resource management (SRM). The ability for
crew or pilot to manage all resources effectively to ensure
the outcome of the flight is successful.
Situational awareness. Pilot knowledge of where the aircraft
is in regard to location, air traffic control, weather, regulations,
aircraft status, and other factors that may affect flight.
Skidding turn. An uncoordinated turn in which the rate of
turn is too great for the angle of bank, pulling the aircraft to
the outside of the turn.
Skin friction drag. Drag generated between air molecules
and the solid surface of the aircraft.
Slant range. The horizontal distance from the aircraft antenna
to the ground station, due to line-of-sight transmission of the
DME signal.
Slaved compass. A system whereby the heading gyro is
“slaved to,” or continuously corrected to bring its direction
readings into agreement with a remotely located magnetic
direction sensing device (usually this is a flux valve or flux
gate compass).
Slipping turn. An uncoordinated turn in which the aircraft
is banked too much for the rate of turn, so the horizontal lift
component is greater than the centrifugal force, pulling the
aircraft toward the inside of the turn.
Small airplane. An airplane of 12,500 pounds or less
maximum certificated takeoff weight.
Somatogravic illusion. The misperception of being
in a nose-up or nose-down attitude, caused by a rapid
acceleration or deceleration while in flight situations that
lack visual reference.
Spatial disorientation. The state of confusion due to
misleading information being sent to the brain from various
sensory organs, resulting in a lack of awareness of the aircraft
position in relation to a specific reference point.
Special use airspace. Airspace in which flight activities are
subject to restrictions that can create limitations on the mixed
use of airspace. Consists of prohibited, restricted, warning,
military operations, and alert areas.
SRM. See single-pilot resource management.
SSR. See secondary surveillance radar.
SSV. See standard service volume.
Standard holding pattern. A holding pattern in which all
turns are made to the right.
Standard instrument departure procedures (SIDS).
Published procedures to expedite clearance delivery and to
facilitate transition between takeoff and en route operations.
Standard rate turn. A turn in which an aircraft changes its
direction at a rate of 3° per second. The turn indicators are
typically 2 minute or 4 minute instruments. In a 2 minute
instrument, if the needle is one needle width either side of
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Instrument Flying Handbook仪表飞行手册下(113)
