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the center alignment mark, the turn is 3° per second and the
turn takes 2 minutes to execute a 360° turn. In a 4 minute
instrument, the same turn takes two widths deflection of the
needle to achieve 3° per second. The 4 minute turn instrument
is usually found on high performance aircraft.
Standard service volume (SSV). Defines the limits of the
volume of airspace which the VOR serves.
Standard terminal arrival route (STAR). A preplanned
IFR ATC arrival procedure published for pilot use in graphic
and/or textual form.
STAR. See standard terminal arrival route.
Static longitudinal stability. The aerodynamic pitching
moments required to return the aircraft to the equilibrium
angle of attack.
Static pressure. Pressure of air that is still, or not moving,
measured perpendicular to the surface of the aircraft.
Steep turns. In instrument flight, any turn greater than standard
rate; in visual flight, anything greater than a 45° bank.
Stepdown fix. The point after which additional descent is
permitted within a segment of an IAP.
Strapdown system. An INS in which the accelerometers
and gyros are permanently “strapped down” or aligned with
the three axes of the aircraft.
G-18
Stress. The body’s response to demands placed upon it.
Structural icing. The accumulation of ice on the exterior
of the aircraft.
Suction relief valve. A relief valve in an instrument vacuum
system required to maintain the correct low pressure inside
the instrument case for the proper operation of the gyros.
Synchro. A device used to transmit indications of angular
movement or position from one location to another.
Synthetic vision. A realistic display depiction of the aircraft
in relation to terrain and flight path.
TAA. See terminal arrival area.
TACAN. See tactical air navigation.
Tactical air navigation (TACAN). An electronic navigation
system used by military aircraft, providing both distance and
direction information.
TAWS. See terrain awareness and warning system.
TCAS. See traffic alert collision avoidance system.
TCH. See threshold crossing height.
TDZE. See touchdown zone elevation.
TEC. See Tower En Route Control.
Technique. The manner in which procedures are executed.
Temporary flight restriction (TFR). Restriction to flight
imposed in order to:
1. Protect persons and property in the air or on the
surface from an existing or imminent flight associated
hazard;
2. Provide a safe environment for the operation of
disaster relief aircraft;
3. Prevent an unsafe congestion of sightseeing aircraft
above an incident;
4. Protect the President, Vice President, or other public
figures; and,
5. Provide a safe environment for space agency
operations.
Pilots are expected to check appropriate NOTAMs during
flight planning when conducting flight in an area where a
temporary flight restriction is in effect.
Tension. Maintaining an excessively strong grip on the control
column, usually resulting in an overcontrolled situation.
Terminal Instrument Approach Procedure (TERP).
Prescribes standardized methods for use in designing
instrument flight procedures.
Terminal arrival area (TAA). A procedure to provide a
new transition method for arriving aircraft equipped with
FMS and/or GPS navigational equipment. The TAA contains
a “T” structure that normally provides a NoPT for aircraft
using the approach.
TERP. See terminal instrument approach procedure.
Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS). A
timed-based system that provides information concerning
potential hazards with fixed objects by using GPS positioning
and a database of terrain and obstructions to provide true
predictability of the upcoming terrain and obstacles.
TFR. See temporary flight restriction.
Threshold crossing height (TCH). The theoretical height
above the runway threshold at which the aircraft’s glide
slope antenna would be if the aircraft maintains the trajectory
established by the mean ILS glide slope or MLS glide path.
Thrust (aerodynamic force). The forward aerodynamic
force produced by a propeller, fan, or turbojet engine as it
forces a mass of air to the rear, behind the aircraft.
Time and speed table. A table depicted on an instrument
approach procedure chart that identifies the distance from the
FAF to the MAP, and provides the time required to transit
that distance based on various groundspeeds.
Timed turn. A turn in which the clock and the turn
coordinator are used to change heading a definite number of
degrees in a given time.
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Instrument Flying Handbook仪表飞行手册下(114)
