In light of this variety, the generic expression Terminal (Arrival/Departure) Routes is used to describe the sub-set of ATS Routes comprised of arrival and departure routes, SIDs/STARs and RNAV-based instrument approach or departure procedures i.e. those contained inside the red-line in Figure 5- 1. Naturally, the designer is also required to consider tactical routes shown in the green box in this figure.
Note: When used specifically, expressions such as ATS Routes, Arrival or Departure routes, SIDs/STARs and Instrument Approach Procedure (or parts thereof) are to be ascribed their ICAO meaning.
Figure 5- 1: ATS Routes & Terminal Routes
5.2.1 STARs & INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES IN AN RNAV ENVIRONMENT
STARs and instrument approach procedures are defined in ICAO Doc. 8168 and explanatory material is provided by ICAO in the ATS Planning Manual, Doc. 9426. The identification of STARs (and SIDs) is provided for in Annex 11, Appendix 3.
Over the years, States interpretation of this material has resulted in two quite distinct ‘models’ of STARs in ECAC Terminal Airspaces. Whilst in the first the STARs provides the connection between the En Route ATS Route system and the Terminal Airspace, in the second, STARs commence closer to the landing runway. Thus in the first case, the STAR begins in the En Route system and ends (usually) inside the Terminal Airspace, often at a holding fix, whilst in the second, the STARs tends to begin at – approximately – the Terminal Airspace boundary (or the Approach Control Unit area of responsibility).
STAR RV STAR links En Route ATS Route to Terminal Airspace (En-Route) ATS Route ‘Model’ 1 RV ‘Model’ 2 STAR STAR begins closer to runway (En-Route) ATS Route ATSRoute
Figure 5- 2: STARs
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The introduction of B-RNAV the ECAC en route airspace in 1998 made it inevitable that RNAV application would be extended into Terminal Airspace. Indeed, RNAV is being used in Terminal airspace, not only as the basis for the design of STARs but also to design RNAV-based instrument approach procedures.
As far as ‘Model’ 1 is concerned, the introduction of RNAV as the basis for Terminal Route design envisages replacing or replicating Radar Vectoring patterns with RNAV-based instrument approach procedures (or RNAV STARs, in some cases).
. Open and Closed STARs
Although neither ‘Open’ STARs and “Closed’ Stars are ICAO expressions, they are commonly used in the design of RNAV-based STAR or RNAV-Based instrument approach procedures used increasingly in Europe and North America. Whilst the Open Star provides and publishes track guidance (usually) to the down wind position from which the aircraft is tactically guided by ATC to intercept the final approach track, Closed STARs provide track guidance to the final approach track whereupon the aircraft usually intercepts the ILS. In theory, the Closed STAR suggests that the aircraft can navigate itself along the published route onto the final approach track, without being dependent on ATC for navigational guidance.
Significantly, however, Closed STARs can be designed and published in a manner that anticipates alternative routeing to be given by ATC on a tactical basis. Whilst tactical routeing instructions to ‘close’ an Open STAR are necessary to align the aircraft with the final approach track, ‘tactical’ way points may be included in a Closed STAR so as to permit ATC to alter the routeing of an aircraft e.g. to provide a short cut. (These tactical instructions may be given in the form of instructions ‘direct to a way-point’ or Radar Vectors).
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