313See Abeyratne (2002b, pp. 631–650). Also by Abeyratne (2001b, pp. 153–162; 2003,
pp. 297–311).
314See Abeyratne(2001b, pp. 153–162).
D. The Passenger Name Record
provides that Contracting States requiring Passenger Name Record (PNR) access should conform their data requirements and their handling of such data to guide-lines developed by ICAO. It is worthy of note that Article 13 of the Chicago Convention provides that the laws and regulations of a Contracting State as to the admission to or departure from its territory ofpassengers, crew or cargo of aircraft, such as regulations relating to entry, clearance, immigration, passports, customs, and quarantine shall be complied with, by or on behalf of such passengers, crew or cargo upon entrance into or departure from, or while within the territory of that State. This provision gives a State the discretion to specify the information it requires relating to persons wishing to gain entry into its territory. Accordingly, a State may require aircraft operators operating .ights to, from or in transit through airports within its territory to provide its public authorities, upon request, with information on passengers such as PNR data.
The philosophy underlying the importance of PNR data and their ef.cient use by States for enhanced expediency in border crossing by persons is embodied in the GeneralPrinciples set out in Chapter1of Annex9which require Contracting States to take necessary measures to ensure that: the time required for the accomplishment of border controls in respect of persons is kept to the minimum;315 the application of administrative and control requirements causes minimum inconvenience; exchange of relevant information between Contracting States, operators and air-ports is fostered and promoted to the greatest extent possible; and, optimal levels of security, and compliance with the law, are attained.
Contracting States are also required to develop effective information technology to increase the ef.ciency and effectiveness of their procedures at airports.316
I. De.nition and Application of PNR
The air transport industry regards a Passenger Name Record (PNR), as a generic term applicable to records created by aircraft operators or their authorized agents for each journey booked by or on behalf of any passenger. The data is used by operators for their own commercial and operational purposes in providing air
315There is an abiding symbiosis between security and facilitation in the .eld of air transport. While security is of paramount interest to the global aviation community, it must not unduly disrupt or in any adversely affect the expediency of air transport. To this end, Recommended Practice 2.2 of Annex9 – Facilitation – to the Chicago Convention suggests that Each Contracting State should whenever possible arrange for security controls and procedures to cause a minimum of interference with, or delay to the activities of civil aviation provided the effectiveness of these controls and procedures is not compromised. See McMunn(1996, p. 7).
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