671Resolution A35-6, Operative Clause 7. 672See Sarooshi (2005, p. 110).
The above notwithstanding, a signi.cant issue in the determination of ICAO’s effectiveness as an international organization is the overriding principle of univer-sality and global participation of all its 190 Contracting States in the implementation of ICAO policy. This principle, which has its genesis in the Chicago Conference of 1944, has .owed on gaining express recognition of legal scholars. This is what makes ICAO unique as a specialized agency of the United Nations and establishes without any doubt that ICAO is not just a tool of cooperation among States.
References
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de Witte B (1998) Sovereignty and European integration: the weight of tradition. In: Slaughter A-M et al (eds) The European court and national courts: doctrine and jurisprudence. Hart, Oxford Klabbers J (2002) An introduction to international institutional law. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge Sarooshi D (2005) International organizations and their exercise of sovereign powers. Oxford
University Press, Oxford Schenkman J (1955) International Civil Aviation Organization. Librairie E. Droz, Geneva Seyersted F (1963) Objective international personality of intergovernmental organizations: do
their capacities really depend upon the conventions establishing them? Krohns Bogtrykkeri, Copenhagen
Chapter 7 Conclusion
A perceived inadequacy of the global framework of aviation security is the lack of an implementation arm. ICAO has taken extensive measures to introduce relevant international conventions as well as Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) in Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention. There is also a highly classi.ed Aviation Security Manual developed by ICAO which is provided to States. Addi-tionally, the Organization provides focused security training courses to its member States. However, ICAO’s role is largely con.ned to rule making and the provision of guidance, bringing to bear the need for an aviation security crisis management team on a global scale that could work towards effectively precluding acts of terrorism.
Another measure that could proactively facilitate the arrest of terrorism is the global curbing of the .nancing of terrorism. The United Nations General Assembly, on 9 December 1999, adopted the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, aimed at enhancing international co-operation among States in devising and adopting effective measures for the prevention of the .nancing of terrorism, as well as for its suppression through the prosecution and punishment of its perpetrators.
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