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There have been several noteworthy instances of bioterrorism in the past38
as early as 1915,39
which send an ominous message that it is a distinct possibility in the aviation context. Until recently in the United States of America, most biological defense strategies have been geared to protecting soldiers on the battle.eld rather than looking after ordinary people in cities. In 1999, the University of Pittsburgh’s Center for Biomedical Informatics deployed the .rst automated bioterrorism detection system, called RODS (Real-Time Outbreak Disease Surveillance). RODS is designed to draw collect data from many data sources and use them to perform signal detection, that is, to detect a possible bioterrorism event at the earliest possible moment. RODS, and other similar systems, collect data from sources including clinical data, laboratory data, and data from over-the-counter drug sales. In 2000, Michael Wagner, the co director of the RODS laboratory, and Ron Aryel, a subcontractor, conceived of the idea of obtaining live data feeds from “non-traditional” (non-health-care) data sources. The RODS laboratory’s .rst efforts eventually led to the establishment of the National Retail Data Monitor, a system which collects data from 20,000 retail locations nation-wide.
On 5 February 2002, President Bush visited the RODS laboratory and used it as a model for a $300 million spending proposal to equip all 50 States with bio surveillance systems. In a speech delivered at the nearby Masonic temple, Bush compared the RODS system to a modern “DEW” line (referring to the Cold War ballistic missile early warning system).
38In 1984 followers of the Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh attempted to control a local election by incapacitating the local population by infecting salad bars in 11 restaurants, doorknobs, produce in grocery stores and other public domains with Salmonella typhimurium in the city of The Dalles, Oregon. The attack caused about 751 people to get sick (there were no fatalities). This incident was the .rst known bioterrorist attack in the United States in the twentieth century. In September and October of 2001, several cases of anthrax broke out in the United States which were reportedly caused deliberately. This was a well-publicized act of bioterrorism. It motivated efforts to de.ne biodefense and biosecurity.
39In 1915 and 1916, Dr Anton Dilger, a German-American physician used cultures of anthrax and glanders with the intention of committing biological sabotage on behalf of the German govern-ment. Other German agents are known to have undertaken similar sabotage efforts during World War I in Norway, Spain, Romania and Argentina.
The principles and practices of bio surveillance, a new interdisciplinary science, were de.ned and described in a handbook published in 2006.40
Data which poten-tially could assist in early detection of a bioterrorism event include many categories of information. Health-related data such as those collected from hospital computer systems, clinical laboratories, electronic health record systems, medical examiner record-keeping systems, 911 call center computers, and veterinary medical record systems could be of help in the .ght against bioterrorism. Researchers are also considering the utility of data generated by ranching and feedlot operations, food processors, drinking water systems, school attendance recording, and physiologic monitors, among others. Intuitively, one would expect systems which collect more than one type of data to be more useful than systems which collect only one type of information (such as single-purpose laboratory or 911 call-center based systems), and be less prone to false alarms. This indeed appears to be the case.
The inherently uncontrollable nature of a dangerous pathogen makes bioterror-ism unattractive as a warfare strategy. However, the potential power of genetic engineering cannot be marginalized or underestimated and the compelling need for continuing vigilance cannot be ignored.
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