D. The Passenger Name Record ........................................ 122
I. De.nition and Application of PNR ......................... 123
II. The Importance of PNR Data to States ..................... 125
III. Advantages of Uni.ed Guidelines .......................... 126
IV. Advance Passenger Information Guidelines ................ 138
V. Contracting States’ Positions ............................... 140
E. Machine Readable Travel Documents ............................... 151
I. Some Problem Areas ......................................... 156
F. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ........................................... 157
I. Legal and Regulatory Issues ................................. 162
II. Operations Over the High Seas .............................. 163
III. Air Traf.c Services .......................................... 166
IV. UAVs as State Aircraft ....................................... 168
References ................................................................. 174
4 Narco-terrorism .......................................................... 177
A. Introduction .......................................................... 177
B. United Nations Initiatives ............................................ 179
I. The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traf.c in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances ........... 186
II. Some Recent Efforts of the United Nations ................ 187
C. ICAO Initiatives ...................................................... 189
I. Basic Principles of Aeronautics on International Narcotic Control ............................................ 189
D. Other Regulatory Provisions ......................................... 198
I. Article 4 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation ............................................... 198
II. Article 3 bis ................................................. 199
III. Other Legal Aspects ........................................ 201
IV. ICAO Assembly Resolution A 27-12 ....................... 202
References ................................................................. 204
5 The Unlawful Interference Conventions ............................... 205
A. United Nations General Assembly Resolutions on Unlawful Interference with Civil Aviation ..................................... 205
B. International Conventions ............................................ 210
I. Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism (1937) ......................................... 210
II. Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention of 1944) .............................. 210
III. United Nations Charter ..................................... 212
IV. The Geneva Convention on the High Seas (1958) ......... 213
C. Concerted Action Under the Auspice of the International Civil Aviation Organization: The Tokyo Convention (1963) ....... 217
I. The Powers Given to Aircraft Commander and Others in Order to Combat Hijackings ............................. 221
II. Jurisdiction to Punish the Terrorists ........................ 223
III. Powers and Duties of States ................................ 224
IV. Extradition ................................................... 225
V. Responsibilities of States ................................... 226
VI. An Answer? ................................................. 228
D. The Hague Convention on Hijacking 1970 .......................... 230
I. The Scope of the Convention ............................... 231
II. Powers and Duties Imposed Upon States in Order to Combat Hijacking ........................................ 232
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