Finally, Caplan states that:
Disregarding the 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund, none of the known State crime com-pensation schemes around the world can be said to provide lavish compensation. What is important is that they exist and they demonstrate unmistakable evidence of a widely-accepted principle of State responsibility.84
I. Principles of State Responsibility
The fundamental issue in the context of State responsibility for the purposes of this article is to consider whether a State should be considered responsible for its own failure or non-feasance to prevent a private act of terrorism against civil aviation or whether the conduct of the State itself can be impugned by identifying a nexus between the perpetrator’s conduct and the State. One view is that an agency paradigm, which may in some circumstances impute to a state reprehensibility on the ground that a principal–agent relationship between the State and the perpetrator existed, can obfuscate the issue and preclude one from conducting a meaningful legal study of the State’s conduct.85
II. The Theory of Complicity
At the core of the principal–agent dilemma is the theory of complicity, which attributes liability to a State that was complicit in a private act. Hugo Grotius (1583–1645), founder of the modern natural law theory, .rst formulated this theory based on State responsibility that was not absolute. Grotius’ theory was that although a State did not have absolute responsibility for a private offence, it could be considered complicit through the notion of Patienta or receptus.86
While the concept of Patienta refers to a State’s inability to prevent a wrongdoing, receptus pertains to the refusal to punish the offender.
The eighteenth century philosopher Emerich de Vattel was of similar view as Grotius, holding that responsibility could only be attributed to the State if a sovereign refuses to repair the evil done by its subjects or punish an offender or
83Directory of International Crime Victim Compensation Programs 2004–2005.
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