曝光台 注意防骗
网曝天猫店富美金盛家居专营店坑蒙拐骗欺诈消费者
The Convention, in its Article 2 recognizes that any person who by any means directly or indirectly, unlawfully or wilfully, provides or collects funds with the intention that they should be used or in the knowledge that they are to be used, in full or in part, in order to carry out any act which constitutes an offence under certain named treaties, commits an offence. The treaties listed are those that are already adopted and in force and which address acts of unlawful interference with such activities as deal with air transport and maritime transport. Also cited is the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 15 December 1997.
The Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism also provides that, over and above the acts mentioned, providing or collecting funds toward any other act intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to a civilian, or to any other person not taking an active part in the hostilities in the situation of armed con.ict, when the purpose of such act, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a
R. Abeyratne, Aviation Security Law, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-11703-9_7, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
population, or to compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act, would be deemed an offence under the Convention.
The use of the word “terrorism” in the title of the Convention brings to bear the need to examine in greater detail both the etymology and the connotations of the word in modern parlance. The term “terrorism” is seemingly of French origin and is believed to have been .rst used in 1798. “Terrorism,” which originally had connota-tions of criminality to one’s conduct is now generally considered a system of coercive intimidation brought about by the in.iction of terror or fear. The most frustrating obstacle to the control of unlawful acts against international peace is the paucity of clear de.nition of the offence itself. Many attempts at de.ning the offence have often resulted in the offence being shrouded in political or national barriers.
In 1980 the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States of America adopted a de.nition of terrorism which states that terrorism is the threat or use of violence for political purposes by individuals or groups, whether acting for or in opposition to established governmental authority, when such actions are intended to shock, stun or intimidate victims. Terrorism, has involved groups seeking to overthrow speci.c regimes, to rectify perceived national or group grievances, or to undermine international order as an end in itself.
This all embracing de.nition underscores the misapprehension that certain groups which are etched in history such as the French Resistance of Nazi occupied France during World War II and the Contras in Nicaragua would broadly fall within the de.nitive parameters of terrorism. In fact, this formula labels every act of violence as being “terrorist” engul.ng in its broad spectrum such diverse groups as the Seikigunha of Japan and the Mujahedeen of Afghanistan, although their aims, modus operandi and ideologies are different. A narrower de.nition which is that a terrorist is an individual or member of a group that wishes to achieve political ends using violent means, often at the cost of casualties to innocent civilians and with the support of only a minority of the people they claim to represent.
Even this de.nition although narrower than the 1980 de.nition cited above is not suf.ciently comprehensive to cover for instance the terrorist who hijacks an air plane for his own personal gain. The dif.culty in de.ning the term seems to lie in its association with political aims of the terrorist as is found in the de.nition that terrorism is really terror inspired by violence, containing an international element that is committed by individuals or groups against non-combatants, civilians, States or internationally protected persons or entities in order to achieve political ends.
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Aviation Security Law 航空安全法(203)
