42.11 Visual Approach
42.11.1 Pilot
42.11.1.1 If a visual approach is not desired, advises ATC.
42.11.1.2 Complies with controller’s instructions for vectors toward the airport of intended landing or to a visual position behind a preceding aircraft.
42.11.1.3 The pilot must, at all times, have either the airport or the preceding aircraft in sight. After being cleared for a visual approach, proceed to the airport in a normal manner or follow the preceding aircraft. Remain clear of clouds while conducting a visual approach.
42.11.1.4 If the pilot accepts a visual approach clearance to visually follow a preceding aircraft, you are required to establish a safe landing interval behind the aircraft you were instructed to follow. You are responsible for wake turbulence separation.
42.11.1.5 Advise ATC immediately if the pilot is unable to continue following the preceding aircraft, cannot remain clear of clouds, needs to climb, or loses sight of the airport.
42.11.1.6 Be aware that radar service is automatical-ly terminated, without being advised by ATC, when the pilot is instructed to change to advisory frequency.
42.11.1.7 Be aware that there may be other traffic in the traffic pattern and the landing sequence may differ from the traffic sequence assigned by the approach control or ARTCC.
42.11.2 Controller
42.11.2.1 Does not clear an aircraft for a visual approach unless reported weather at the airport is ceiling at or above 1,000 feet and visibility is 3 miles or greater. When weather is not available for the destination airport, informs the pilot and does not initiate a visual approach to that airport unless there is reasonable assurance that descent and flight to the airport can be made visually.
42.11.2.2 Issues visual approach clearance when the pilot reports sighting either the airport or a preceding aircraft which is to be followed.
42.11.2.3 Provides separation except when visual separation is being applied by the pilot.
42.11.2.4 Continues flight following and traffic information until the aircraft has landed or has been instructed to change to advisory frequency.
42.11.2.5 Informs the pilot when the preceding aircraft is a heavy.
42.11.2.6 When weather is available for the destination airport, does not initiate a vector for a visual approach unless the reported ceiling at the airport is 500 feet or more above the MVA and visibility is 3 miles or more. If vectoring weather minima are not available but weather at the airport is ceiling at or above 1,000 feet and visibility of 3 miles or greater, visual approaches may still be conducted.
42.11.2.7 Informs the pilot conducting the visual approach of the aircraft class when pertinent traffic is known to be a heavy aircraft.
42.12 Visual Separation
42.12.1 Pilot
42.12.1.1 Acceptance of instructions to follow another aircraft or to provide visual separation from it is an acknowledgment that the pilot will maneuver the aircraft as necessary to avoid the other aircraft or to maintain in.trail separation. Pilots are responsible to maintain visual separation until flight paths (altitudes and/or courses) diverge.
42.12.1.2 If instructed by ATC to follow another aircraft or to provide visual separation from it, promptly notify the controller if you lose sight of that aircraft, are unable to maintain continued visual contact with it, or cannot accept the responsibility for your own separation for any reason.
42.12.1.3 The pilot also accepts responsibility for wake turbulence separation under these conditions.
42.12.2 Controller Applies Visual Separation Only:
42.12.2.1 Within the terminal area when a controller has both aircraft in sight or by instructing a pilot who sees the other aircraft to maintain visual separation from it.
42.12.2.2 Pilots are responsible to maintain visual separation until flight paths (altitudes and/or courses) diverge.
42.12.2.3 Within en route airspace when aircraft are on opposite courses and one pilot reports having seen the other aircraft and that the aircraft have passed each other.
Federal Aviation Administration Twentieth Edition
42.13 VFR.on.top
42.13.1 Pilot
42.13.1.1 This clearance must be requested by the pilot on an IFR flight plan, and if approved, allows the pilot the choice to select (subject to any ATC restrictions) an altitude or flight level in lieu of an assigned altitude.
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