美国航行情报汇编 AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATION AIP 2(33)

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 d) When an aircraft is 3 minutes or less from a clearance limit and a clearance beyond the fix has not been received, the pilot is expected to start a speed reduction so that the aircraft will cross the fix, initially, at or below the maximum holding airspeed.
 e) When no delay is expected, the controller should issue a clearance beyond the fix as soon as possible and, whenever possible, at least 5 minutes before the aircraft reaches the clearance limit.
 f) Pilots should report to ATC the time and altitude/flight level at which the aircraft reaches the clearance limit and report leaving the clearance limit.
NOTE.
In the event of two.way communications failure, pilots are required to comply with 14 CFR Section 91.185.
27.4 Amended Clearances
27.4.1 Amendments to the initial clearance will be issued at any time an air traffic controller deems such action necessary to avoid possible confliction between aircraft. Clearances will require that a flight “hold” or change altitude prior to reaching the point where standard separation from other IFR traffic would no longer exist.
NOTE.
Some pilots have questioned this action and requested “traffic information” and were at a loss when the reply indicated “no traffic reported.” In such cases the controller has taken action to prevent a traffic confliction which would have occurred at a distant point.

Federal Aviation Administration Twentieth Edition
27.4.2 A pilot may wish an explanation of the handling of the flight at the time of occurrence; however, controllers are not able to take time from their immediate control duties, nor can they afford to overload the ATC communications channels to furnish explanations. Pilots may obtain an explana-tion by directing a letter or telephone call to the chief controller of the facility involved.
27.4.3 Pilots have the privilege of requesting a different clearance from that which has been issued by ATC if they feel that they have information which would make another course of action more practicable or if aircraft equipment limitations or company procedures forbid compliance with the clearance issued.
27.4.4 Pilots should pay particular attention to the clearance and not assume that the route and altitude/flight level are the same as requested in the flight plan. It is suggested that pilots make a written report of clearances at the time they are received, and verify, by a repeat back, any portions that are complex or about which a doubt exists. It will be the responsibility of each pilot to accept or refuse the clearance issued.
27.5 Special VFR Clearance
27.5.1 An ATC clearance must be obtained prior to operating within a Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E surface area when the weather is less than that required for VFR flight. A VFR pilot may request and be given a clearance to enter, leave or operate within most Class D and Class E surface areas and some Class B and Class C surface areas in special VFR conditions, traffic permitting, and providing such flight will not delay IFR operations. All special VFR flights must remain clear of clouds. The visibility requirements for Special VFR aircraft (other than helicopters) are:
27.5.1.1 At least one statute mile flight visibility for operations within Classes B, C, D, and E surface areas.
27.5.1.2 At least one statute mile ground visibility if taking off or landing. If ground visibility is not reported at that airport, the flight visibility must be at least one statute mile.
27.5.1.3 The restrictions in subparagraphs 27.5.1.1 and 27.5.1.2 do not apply to helicopters. Helicopters must remain clear of clouds and may operate in Classes B, C, D, and E surface areas with less than one statute mile visibility.
27.5.2 When a control tower is located within a Class B, Class C, and Class D surface area, requests for clearances should be to the tower. If no tower is located within the surface area, a clearance may be obtained from the nearest tower, FSS or ARTCC.
27.5.3 It is not necessary to file a complete flight plan with the request for clearance, but pilots should state their intentions in sufficient detail to permit ATC to fit their flight into the traffic flow. The clearance will not contain a specific altitude as the pilot must remain clear of clouds. The controller may require the pilot to fly at or below a certain altitude due to other traffic, but the altitude specified will permit flight at or above the minimum safe altitude. In addition, at radar locations, flight may be vectored if necessary for control purposes or on pilot request.
NOTE.
The pilot is responsible for obstacle or terrain clearance (reference 14 CFR Section 91.119).
27.5.4 Special VFR clearances are effective within Classes B, C, D, and E surface areas only. ATC does not provide separation after an aircraft leaves Class D surface area on a special VFR clearance.
27.5.5 Special VFR operations by fixed.wing aircraft are prohibited in some Classes B and C surface areas due to the volume of IFR traffic. A list of these Classes B and C surface areas is contained in 14 CFR Part 91, Appendix D, Section 3 and also depicted on Sectional Aeronautical Charts.
　
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