美国航行情报汇编 AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATION AIP 2(32)

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27.1.3 Each pilot who deviates from an ATC clearance in response to a traffic alert and collision avoidance system resolution advisory shall notify ATC of that deviation as soon as possible.
27.1.4 When weather conditions permit, during the time an IFR flight is operating, it is the direct responsibility of the pilot to avoid other aircraft since VFR flights may be operating in the same area without the knowledge of ATC, and traffic clearances provide standard separation only between IFR flights.
27.2 Clearance Prefix
A clearance, information, or request for information originated by an ATC facility and relayed to the pilot through an air/ground communication station will be prefixed by “ATC CLEARS,” “ATC ADVISES,” or “ATC REQUESTS.”
27.3 Clearance Items
27.3.1 An ATC clearance normally contains the following:
27.3.1.1 Clearance Limit. The traffic clearance issued prior to departure will normally authorize flight to the airport of intended landing. Under certain conditions at some locations, a short.range clearance procedure is utilized whereby a clearance is issued to a fix within or just outside the terminal area and pilots are advised of the frequency on which they will receive the long.range clearance direct from the center controller.
27.3.1.2 Departure Procedure. Headings to fly and altitude restrictions may be issued to separate a departure from other air traffic in the terminal area. Where the volume of traffic warrants, instrument departure procedures (DPs) have been developed. (See ENR 1.5.)
27.3.1.3 Route of Flight
 a) Clearances are normally issued for the altitude/ flight level and route filed by the pilot. However, due to traffic conditions, it is frequently necessary for ATC to specify an altitude/flight level or route different from that requested by the pilot. In addition, flow patterns have been established in certain congested areas, or between congested areas, whereby traffic capacity is increased by routing all traffic on preferred routes. Information on these flow patterns is available in offices where preflight briefing is furnished or where flight plans are accepted.
 b) When required, air traffic clearances include data to assist pilots in identifying radio reporting points. It is the responsibility of a pilot to notify ATC immediately if the radio equipment cannot receive the type of signals the pilot must utilize to comply with the clearance.

27.3.1.4 Altitude Data
 a) The altitude/flight level instructions in an ATC clearance normally require that a pilot “MAINTAIN” the altitude/flight level to which the flight will operate when in Classes A, B, C, D, and E airspace. Altitude/flight level changes while en route should be requested prior to the time the change is desired.
 b) When possible, if the altitude assigned is different than that requested by the pilot, ATC will inform an aircraft when to expect climb or descent clearance or to request altitude change from another facility. If this has not been received prior to crossing the boundary of the ATC facility’s area and assignment at a different flight level is still desired, the pilot should reinitiate the request with the next facility.
 c) The term “CRUISE” may be used instead of “MAINTAIN” to assign a block of airspace, to a pilot, from the minimum IFR altitude up to and including the altitude specified in the cruise clearance. The pilot may level off at any intermediate altitude within this block of airspace. Climb/descent within the block is to be made at the discretion of the pilot. However, once the pilot starts descent and verbally reports leaving an altitude in the block, the pilot may not return to that altitude without additional ATC clearance.
27.3.1.5 Holding Instructions
 a) Whenever an aircraft is cleared to a fix other than the destination airport and delay is expected, it is the responsibility of the ATC controller to issue complete holding instructions (unless the pattern is charted), an EFC time, and a best estimate of any additional en route/terminal delay.
 b) If the holding pattern is charted and the controller doesn’t issue complete holding instruc-tions, the pilot is expected to hold as depicted on the appropriate chart. When the pattern is charted, the controller may omit all holding instructions except the charted holding direction and the statement “AS PUBLISHED;” e.g., “HOLD EAST AS PUB-LISHED.” Controllers shall always issue complete holding instructions when pilots request them.
NOTE.
Only those holding patterns depicted on U.S. government or commercially produced charts which meet FAA requirements should be used.
 c) If no holding pattern is charted and holding instructions have not been issued, the pilot should ask ATC for holding instructions prior to reaching the fix. This procedure will eliminate the possibility of an aircraft entering a holding pattern other than that desired by ATC. If unable to obtain holding instructions prior to reaching the fix (due to frequency congestion, stuck microphones, etc.), hold in a standard pattern on the course on which you approached the fix and request further clearance as soon as possible. In this event, the altitude/flight level of the aircraft at the clearance limit will be protected so that separation will be provided as required.
　
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