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Voice communications.
NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL CHAPTER 5
NAT MNPS 26 Edition 2008
Waypoint Insertion Errors
5.7.3 Experience has shown that many of the track-keeping errors in the NAT MNPS Airspace
occur as a result of crews programming the navigation system(s) with incorrect waypoint data. These are
referred to as Waypoint Insertion Errors. They frequently originate from:
a) failure to observe the principles of checking waypoints to be inserted in the navigation
systems, against the ATC cleared route;
b) failure to load waypoint information carefully; or
c) failure to cross-check on-board navigation systems.
5.7.4 More detailed guidance on this subject is contained in Chapter 8, Chapter 13 and Chapter 14
of this Document.
5.7.5 Many of the navigation error occurrences are the product of one or both of the foregoing
causes. It is therefore extremely important that pilots double check each element of the Oceanic Clearance
on receipt, and at each waypoint, since failure to do so may result in inadvertent deviation from cleared route
and/or flight level.
NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL CHAPTER 6
NAT MNPS 27 Edition 2008
Chapter 6: Communications and Position Reporting Procedures
6.1 ATS COMMUNICATIONS
HF Voice Communications
6.1.1 Most NAT air/ground communications are conducted on single side-band HF frequencies.
Pilots communicate with OACs via aeradio stations staffed by communicators who have no executive ATC
authority. Messages are relayed from the ground station to the air traffic controllers in the relevant OAC for
action.
6.1.2 In the North Atlantic Region there are six aeronautical radio stations, one associated with
each of the Oceanic Control Areas. They are: Bodo Radio (Norway, Bodo ACC), Gander Radio (Canada,
Gander OACC), Iceland Radio (Iceland, Reykjavik ACC), New York Radio (USA, New York OACC),
Santa Maria Radio (Portugal, Santa Maria OACC) and Shanwick Radio (Ireland, Shanwick OACC).
However, the aeradio stations and OACs are not necessarily co-located. For example, in the case of
Shanwick operations, the OAC is located at Prestwick in Scotland whilst the associated aeradio station is at
Ballygirreen in the Republic of Ireland. In addition to those six aeronautical stations, there are two other
stations that operate NAT frequencies. They are Canarias Radio which serves Canarias ACC and Arctic
Radio serving Edmonton, Winnipeg and Montreal ACC’s.
6.1.3 To support air/ground ATC communications in the North Atlantic Region, twenty-four HF
frequencies have been allocated, in bands ranging from 2.8 to 18 MHz. There are a number of factors which
affect the optimum frequency for communications over a specific path. The most significant is the diurnal
variation in intensity of the ionisation of the refractive layers of the ionosphere. Hence frequencies from the
lower HF bands tend to be used for communications during night-time and those from the higher bands
during day-time. Generally in the North Atlantic frequencies of less than 7 MHz are utilised at night and
frequencies of greater than 8 MHz during the day. The 24 NAT frequencies are organized into six groups
known as Families. The families are identified as NAT Family A, B, C, D, E and F. Each Family contains a
range of frequencies from each of the HF frequency bands. A number of stations share families of
frequencies and co-operate as a network to provide the required geographical and time of day coverage.. A
full listing of the frequency hours of operation of each NAT aeradio station is contained in the “HF
Management Guidance Material for the NAT Region” – ICAO NAT Doc.003 (Appendices C- 1 thru 6),
available via the NAT-PCO website at http://www.nat-pco.org . Each Family is designated for use by
aircraft of specific States of Registry and according to the route to be flown. NAT ATS provider State AIPs
list the families of frequencies to be used.
6.1.4 Each individual aircraft is normally allocated a primary and a secondary HF frequency,
either when it receives its clearance or by domestic controllers shortly before the oceanic boundary.
6.1.5 When initiating contact with an aeradio station the pilot should state the HF frequency in
use. HF Radio operators usually maintain a listening watch on more than one single frequency.
Identification by the calling pilot of the particular frequency being used is helpful to the radio operator.
SELCAL
6.1.6 When using HF communications and even when using ADS and/or CPDLC, pilots should
maintain a listening watch on the assigned frequency, unless SELCAL is fitted, in which case they should
ensure the following sequence of actions:
NORTH ATLANTIC MNPSA OPERATIONS MANUAL CHAPTER 6
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